NIOS Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Solution – Locomotion and Movement
NIOS Class 12 Biology Solution Chapter 16 Locomotion and Movement . NIOS Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Question Answers Download PDF. NIOS Class 12 Biology Notes.
Board |
NIOS |
Class |
12th (Higher Secondary) |
Subject |
Biology |
Topic |
Question Answer, Solution, Notes |
INTEXT 16.1
What would you call the following as – movement (M) or locomotion (L) ?
(I) The elephant uses its trunks to pick up sticks (M )
(ii)The cow uses its tail to drive away flies (M )
(iii)A mouse runs into a hole. (L )
(iv) The bees leave their hive in search of pollen (L )
(v) Johan kicks the football into the goal ( M)
(vi)The cat jumps on to the window ( L)
INTEXT 16.2
1.) State the similarity in internal structure between a cilium and a flagellum as learnt in lesson 4 of your text book?
Ans: The similarity in internal structure between a cilium and a flagellum is both made of microtubules arranged in a similar manner
2.) What is an effective stroke ? Which stroke is called the recovery stroke as depicted during ciliary movement ?
Ans: Ciliary beat begins with fast stroke ahead in one direction which is called effective stroke. Recovery stroke is a stroke in wgich cilium bends back to original position
3.) State the difference between flagella and cilia with regard to location and number
Ans: cilia is located all over body and it is present in large quantity while , flagella is located at anterior or posterior end , flagella are 1 or 2 in numbers.
INTEXT 16.3
1.) Name the structure that connects . Which type of tissue are these ?
(i) a bone to another bone- Ligament;
(ii) muscle to bone. – tendon;
They are connective tissue
2.) Why is the muscle cell also called muscle fibre ?
Ans: The muscle cell, also called muscle fibre because of its long shape, is multinucleated and contains myofibrils made of myofilaments
3 .) Why is the mechanism of muscle contraction called ‘sliding movement’?
Ans: Mechanism of muscle contraction called sliding movement because thick and thin myofilaments slide over each other to cause muscle contraction
4.) What is the chemical composition of myofilaments.
Ans: The myofilaments are made up of Protein, which are of two types (i) thick filaments made of myosin protein and (ii) thin filaments made of actin protein
5.). In a muscle, where can you find the following ? myofilaments, muscle fibres
Ans: Myofilaments are found in muscle fibre and muscle fibres is found in muscle tissue.
INTEXT 16.4
1.) Name an animal with endoskeleton and one with exoskeleton.
Ans: Animals with Endoskeleton are horses, dogs ets
While animal with exoskeleton are ants, snails ets.
2.) Name main parts of skeleton and mention their functions.
Ans: Axial, appendicular are the parts of skeleton which support, protects the interanl organs and helps in locomotion and movement.
3.) Name any two disorders of the musculo–skeletal system which are hereditary
Ans: Myaesthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy are the disorders of the musculo–skeletal system which are hereditary.
4.) What causes osteoporesis and gout ?
Ans: Osteoporosis is the softening of bones due to calcium deficiency , it is caused by lack Ca. Gout results in painful inflammation of joints due to elevated level of uric acid in blood can caused due to high level of uric acid in blood
5.) Which limbs are supported by which girdles and which kind of muscles are attached to the limb skeleton ?
Ans: Fore limbs are limbs are supported by Pectora and striated muscles are attached to hind limb.
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1.) Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
(i) movement and locomotion
Movement | Locomotion |
Movement can be done without moving from the original place of the organism. | Locomotion is done by moving from the original place of the organism |
Movement is said to be done at biological level. | Locomotion is said to be done at organism level |
(ii) thick and thin myofilaments
Thick myofilaments | Thin myofilaments |
Thick filaments made of myosin protein | Thin filaments made of actin protein. |
The myosin molecules with their globular heads extended outward. | Consists of a double strand of actin surrounded by two tropomysoin strands. |
(iii) tendon and ligament
Tendons | Ligaments |
The ends of muscles connect to bones through another kind of connective tissue called tendon | Bones are joined to each other by ligaments |
Tendons are non. elastic | Ligaments are elastic and flexible |
(iv) cilia and flagella
Cilia | Flagella |
They are present all over the body | They are present at anterior or posterior part of the body |
Cilia are present in large number | Flagella are present by 1 or 2 . |
(v) tropic and nastic movement
Tropic movement | Nastic Movement |
Tropic movements are motions that occur in reaction to environmental stimuli including light, water, and gravity. | Nastic movement are brought on by several stimuli, including contact, a shift in the length of the day, temperature, etc. |
Tropic movement have direction | Nastic movement no direction. |
2.) Enlist the steps in muscle contraction as explained by sliding filament theory.
Ans: (i) Troponin and tropomyosin crossbridges connect the thick and thin filaments of myosin and actin.
(ii) Upon contracting, these crossbridges draw the thin filaments back across the thick filaments.
(iii)The outcome is that the thin filaments move across the thick filaments .For the attachment and release of troponin, calcium and ATP are necessary.
(iv) As a result of this sliding movement, Z lines and sarcomeres shrink.
(v) The sarcomeres all shorten at once, contracting the entire muscle.
(vi) When the crossbridges loosen and the sarcomere returns to its initial position, the muscle relaxes.
3.) How does Paramecium swim in water?
Ans:Paramecium contain cilia which are motile. It helps in locomotion from one place to another place in water.
4.) Answer in one word or sentence
- What is the shape of actin molecule : The shape of actin molecule is filamentous
- What is the chemical nature of troponin and tropomyosin?
Ans: Troponin and tropomyosin are protein complex
- What is meant by recovery stroke of cilia?
Ans: Ciliary beat begins with fast stroke ahead in one direction called effective stroke and then it bends back and returns to its original position. This second stroke is called recovery stroke.
- Give an example each of geotropism and phototropism.
Ans: Roots growing towards the earth and stem growing upwards
- Why do we say that vertebrate muscle contraction is energy dependent?
Ans: Muscle contraction is energy dependent is because it require ATP
Also See: Next Chapter No. 17 Question Answer