Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 6 – Psychological Disorders
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 6: Psychological Disorders. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 12 get here Psychological Disorders full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
6 |
Chapter name |
Psychological Disorders |
1)
(A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the sentences.
1) ____________is the present system for classification of mental disorders.
- DSM-5 b. WHO c. APA
Ans: DSM-5 is the present system for classification of mental disorders.
2) Term Schizophrenia was first used by __________.
a.Albert Ellis b. Eugen Bleuler c. John Travis
Ans: Term Schizophrenia was first used by Eugene Bleuler.
3) World Health Organization has developed _________ for classification of all types of disorders.
a) ICD b. DSM c. MCA
Ans: World Health Organization has developed ICD for classification of all types of disorders.
4) We find alternate phases of depression and mania in ___________ disorders.
a) depressive b. bipolar c. anxiety
Ans: We find alternate phases of depression and mania in bipolar disorders.
(B) Match the pairs :
Group A | Group B |
(1) Phobia | (a) 2013 |
(2) DSM-5 | (b) Wellness |
(3) ICD – 11 | (c) Schizophrenia |
(4) Eugen Bleuler | (d) 2019 |
(5) John Travis | (e) Illogical fear |
(6) Depressive disorders | (f) Sad feelings for a long period of time |
Ans:
Group A | Group B |
(1) Phobia | (e) Illogical fear |
(2) DSM-5 | (a) 2013 |
(3) ICD – 11 | (d) 2019 |
(4) Eugen Bleuler | (c) Schizophrenia |
(5) John Travis | (b) Wellness |
(6) Depressive disorders | (f) Sad feelings for a long period of time |
(C) State whether following statements are True or False :
1) Socially or culturally deviant behaviours are signs of psychological disorders.
Ans: False
2) Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder.
Ans: True
3) Feeling of hopelessness is one of the symptoms seen in depressive disorders.
Ans: True
(D) Answer in one sentence :
1) From which Latin word is the term anxiety derived?
Ans: The word anxiety is derived from Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means “uneasy or troubled mind”.
2) In which disorder does the person experience sadness and guilt for a long period of time?
Ans: In a depressive disorder the person experiences sadness and guilt for a long period of time.
3) What do you call the fear that you experience unnecessarily in a non threatening situation?
Ans: The fear that is experienced unnecessarily in a non threatening situation is called a phobia.
2 Answer the following questions briefly :
1) Explain the nature of psychological disorder.
Ans: Deviance, individual distress, and functional impairment are the main indicators of abnormality or mental disorders. As will be discussed below, disease and lack of illness are on opposing poles of the continuous sequence rather than being separate categories.
Stage 1: The person is in good mental and physical condition. They possess motivation and emotional stability.
Stage 2: The person may get influenced by daily pressures, experience anxiety, experience fatigue, etc. before a test, as an illustration. Adopting a healthy lifestyle might help one push themselves back towards good health.
Stage 3: The individual displays psychological harm and displays distressing emotions including melancholy, a lack of drive, dread, and may even engage in addictive conduct. Even this stage, though, is not permanent.
Stage 4 : Major psychiatric disorders in people are readily apparent. They exhibit severe anguish and impairment in each of the three spheres of functioning—mental, emotional, and social. They require expert care and therapy.
2) What is meant by Anxiety disorders?
Ans: Anxiety disorders are characterised by persistent feelings of apprehension or worry that have no apparent cause and begin to interfere with normal living.
Although there are many other subtypes of anxiety disorders, we will focus on two of the most common, generalised anxiety disorder and phobia.
3) Narrate indicators of psychological disorders.
Ans: Five criteria (indicators) for psychological illnesses are listed in the DSM-5. (i) Clinically significant syndrome – A syndrome, or grouping of symptoms, is required for psychological illnesses. (ii) Distress and Impairment – There should be both distress, or psychological suffering brought on by unpleasant emotions and stress, as well as impairment, or the inability to act in acceptable ways in both personal and societal contexts. (iii) Dysfunction – Mental illnesses are present when the symptoms cause developmental or psychological dysfunction. (iv) Stress-related reactions that are socially or culturally acceptable, such as grief over a loved one’s passing, are not seen as symptoms of mental illnesses. (v) Only aberrant behaviour that doesn’t cause any impairment, distress, or malfunction qualifies as an indication of a mental condition.
4) What is meant by Bipolar disorder?
Ans: Manic Depressive disorder is another name for this. In this disorder, the person goes between stages of excessive happiness, excitement, and euphoria, followed by phases of intense melancholy, hopelessness, and tension. You can observe these opposing states in the same person one after the other. Manic depressive disorder gets its name from this.
Symptoms: The person goes through stages of two moods, one in which they are highly joyful, thrilled, and delighted, and the other in which they are depressed, agitated, losing hope, thinking unrealistically, becoming impatient, or even aggressive. The primary contributing variables are determined to be genetic characteristics and an imbalance of the brain’s neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
5) Describe Post Traumatic Stress Disorders?
Ans: PTSD is a diagnosis made when acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms continue for more than a month at the same severity. After experiencing trauma, a person passes through three stages, including: (i) The individual is at the shock stage, which is to say that they are quite upset. (ii) Suggestion stage – he/she may ask for advice and either accept it without question or become more sensitive. (iii) The individual exhibits symptoms of healing at this time. But some people continue to display symptoms of PTSD, for example. (i) Nightmares, flashbacks, and excruciating anxiety are among the signs of PTSD. (ii) extreme caution and avoiding circumstances that trigger traumatic memories (iii) Excessive irritation and social withdrawal (iv) survivor’s guilt
3 Explain the following concepts.
(1) DSM – 5
Ans: At the moment, the DSM and ICD are the two main classification schemes for psychiatric diseases. The APA released the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) in its first edition, or DSM-I, in 1952. The DSM-5, which has 22 major categories of mental diseases with subtypes, was released in 2013. It is the categorization of mental conditions that have received formal recognition. Examples of categories in the DSM-5 include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and associated disorders, and personality disorders.
(2) ICD 11
Ans: The DSM and ICD are presently the two main classification schemes for psychiatric diseases. The WHO developed the International Classification of illnesses and Related Health Problems (ICD) to record all diagnoses, illnesses, signs and symptoms, and societal contexts. Mental illness is covered in one of the sections. 2019 saw the debut of the 11th and most recent ICD version. ICD-11 classifies mental diseases into 19 basic categories, the majority of which are also covered by DSM-5.
(3) Phobia
Ans: Phobos, the name of a Greek deity of terror, is where the term “phobia” originates. Everyone experiences some level of fear, but most of the time we can get over it with minimal effort. But even when something or certain circumstances are either less harmful or not at all dangerous, if a person has a strong dread of them and this fear interferes with their ability to adjust to normal life, that fear is known as a phobia. Consider heights, cockroaches, being alone yourself, blood, a crowded place, etc. After that, the person makes every effort to avoid it. Phobia is a condition that affects a person’s everyday life and causes adjustment issues for more than six months.
(4) Syndrome
Ans: We may tell we are sick when we experience certain bodily signs or complaints. Similar to behavioural disorders, psychological disorders should manifest in a person as specific patterns of significant behavioural or psychological syndromes. A specific condition has several symptoms that always appear together. The term “syndrome” refers to these collections of symptoms.
These syndromes are used by psychologists to identify the disease. These syndromes will be covered in the part when we look at a few psychiatric diseases.
(5) Hallucination
Ans: False sensations that occur when there is no external stimuli are referred to as hallucinations. It implies that the person has an experience even when nothing is there. For instance, auditory hallucination occurs when a person hears someone talking to them despite complete silence. Similar to how there might be visual, tactile (related to touch), olfactory (related to smell), gustatory (related to taste), or connected to interior bodily sensations.
4) Write short notes on the following :
1) Nature of mental wellness
Ans: The ability to successfully execute psychological tasks, which leads to productive activities, satisfying interpersonal connections, the capacity to handle stress, and the capacity to develop and adapt, is what is meant by being mentally healthy.
1) Emotional aspect: A sensation of well-being, general joy, and contentment (satisfaction)
2) Psychological aspect: Feeling deserving, or having high self-esteem, self-confidence, and a tendency to actualize one’s potential (i.e., to fully develop one’s abilities), as well as the capacity to make wise decisions, have an impact on one’s environment, meet one’s needs, and have a propensity to give back to one’s community or society.
- Life philosophy: Possessing a clear sense of purpose as well as objectives and a sense of direction.
2) Drug Addiction
Ans: A person becomes accustomed to addictive drugs such as opium, charas (hashish), ganja (marijuana), heroin, etc. to the point where he is unable to function without them. Drug addiction is the term for this.
The addict may go as far as stealing, begging, borrowing money, and occasionally may not hesitate to kill someone in order to obtain the funds needed to purchase the addictive chemicals.
3) Depressive disorders
Ans: The person may feel bad because of unfortunate events or other outside reasons, but if this behaviour persists for a very long period, it is referred to be depressive disorder. The primary emotions reported with this disease are feelings of helplessness, worry, and melancholy.
Depressive disorder is a mental health condition in which a person feels intense sadness and guilt for at least two weeks.
Symptoms: People with depressive disorders often experience feelings of hopelessness, lack of enthusiasm, weight loss, loss of interest in food and appetite, either excessive or insufficient sleep, constant exhaustion, sadness, and excessive guilt over certain matters. They may also experience sexual dysfunction, suicidal thoughts, difficulty concentrating, indecision, and other symptoms.
4) Anxiety disorders
Ans: The term “anxiety” comes from the Latin word “Anxietas,” which means “an uneasy or troubled mind.” In the case of anxiety, the person experiences persistent worry and unease for unknown causes. The most prevalent anxiety disorders include.
(i) Generalised Anxiety Disorder – The person’s anxiety is more acutely felt more frequently to the point that it becomes disruptive to day-to-day functioning. A few signs are agitation, headaches, sleeplessness, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath.
(ii) Phobias: The term “phobia” comes from the Greek word “phobos,” which was used to describe the God of Fear. A phobia is an extreme, pervasive dread of a certain thing or circumstance that is excessive, unreasonable, and severe. Simple phobias, such as acrophobia and claustrophobia, as well as social phobias are categorised by the DSM.
5) Answer the following in 150 to 200 words:
1) Describe the criteria of Psychological disorders.
Ans: Five criteria (indicators) for psychological illnesses are listed in the DSM-5. (i) Clinically significant syndrome – A syndrome, or grouping of symptoms, is required for psychological illnesses.
(ii) Distress and Impairment – There should be both distress, or psychological suffering brought on by unpleasant emotions and stress, as well as impairment, or the inability to act in acceptable ways in both personal and societal contexts.
(iii) Dysfunction – Mental illnesses are present when the symptoms cause developmental or psychological dysfunction.
(iv) Stress-related reactions that are socially or culturally acceptable, such as grief over a loved one’s passing, are not seen as symptoms of mental illnesses.
(v) Only aberrant behaviour that doesn’t cause any impairment, distress, or malfunction qualifies as an indication of a mental condition.
2) Narrate any two psychological disorders in detail.
Ans:
Anxiety Disorders:
The term “anxiety” comes from the Latin word “Anxietas,” which means “an uneasy or troubled mind.” In the case of anxiety, the person experiences persistent worry and unease for unknown causes. The most prevalent anxiety disorders include.
(i) Generalised Anxiety Disorder – The person’s anxiety is more acutely felt more frequently to the point that it becomes disruptive to day-to-day functioning. A few signs are agitation, headaches, sleeplessness, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath.
(ii) Phobias: The term “phobia” comes from the Greek word “phobos,” which was used to describe the God of Fear. A phobia is an extreme, pervasive dread of a certain thing or circumstance that is excessive, unreasonable, and severe. Simple phobias, such as acrophobia and claustrophobia, as well as social phobias are categorised by the DSM.
Disorders Caused by Trauma and Stress:
In life, stress is unavoidable. Stress is a result of daily annoyances, interpersonal problems, frustration, chronic disease, etc. Stress that is of a moderate degree serves as motivation. However, chronic, high stress can cause stress disorders and interfere with a person’s ability to operate normally. There are two different kinds of stress disorders:
a.) Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) A person with ASD may have gone through highly traumatic experiences, such as the loss of a loved one, a life-threatening illness or injury, sexual abuse, natural catastrophes, etc. ASD symptoms include emotional instability and numbness, nightmares, sleep difficulties, insomnia, loss of focus, impatience, and guilt emotions and depression.
b) PTSD is a diagnosis made when acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms continue for more than a month at the same severity. After experiencing trauma, a person passes through three stages, including: (i) The individual is at the shock stage, which is to say that they are quite upset. (ii) Suggestion stage – he/she may ask for advice and either accept it without question or become more sensitive. (iii) The individual exhibits symptoms of healing at this time. But some people continue to display symptoms of PTSD, for example. (i) Nightmares, flashbacks, and excruciating anxiety are among the signs of PTSD. (ii) extreme caution and avoiding circumstances that trigger traumatic memories (iii) Excessive irritation and social withdrawal (iv) survivor’s guilt.
3) What is Schizophrenia ? Describe the major symptoms of it.
Ans: Schizophrenia is defined as a divided mind. It is a significant mental illness. There are two distinct categories of symptoms for schizophrenia, according to the DSM-5. Here are some of them:
1.) Positive symptoms: These behaviours go beyond what is typically considered or done by an individual. It consists of Hallucinations: In the absence of a trigger, hallucinations are misleading impressions. It may be aural, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, or connected to interior bodily feelings. Delusions are when a person has a faulty belief but is unwilling to modify it in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. c. Disorganised speech and weakening of associations: A person’s conversation is unconnected, meaning he may use pointless phrases or move from one subject to another without connecting the two. d. Unorganised conduct (bizarre movements): A person behaves in a highly weird way, such as repeating the same action for extended periods of time, shouting uncontrollably, running around aimlessly, biting or hitting others, undressing in public, etc. e. Incongruent affect: When someone expresses emotions that are inconsistent with the circumstances. For instance, he laughs in sad situations and tears in pleasant ones.
2.) Negative symptoms: These symptoms reduce functioning and hence worsen quality of life. The following describe them: a. Diminished expressive emotions b. Lack of ambition or passion c. Diminished and decreased communication d. Anhedonia (no experience of profound happy feelings) e. Being unsociable f. Being indifferent.
A diagnosis of schizophrenia is made if a person exhibits positive symptoms for a month or more or negative symptoms for a period of six months or more.
Also See: Emotions Class 5 Worksheet