Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 10 Climate, Soil and Forest Questions and Answers Solution, Notes by Expert Teacher Priya Verma. Karnataka Class 11 Geography Solution Chapter 10.
There are 2 Parts in Karnataka Class 11 Textbook. Here You will find Part B Physical Environment of India’s Chapter 10 Climate, Soil and Forest (Climate: Important Seasons, Soil: Types, Soil erosion and conservation, Forest: Major types, importance, Conservation of Forests and Biosphere reserves).
Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 10 – Climate, Soil and Forest Solution
- State – Karnataka.
- Class – 1st PUC / Class 11
- Subject – Geography.
- Topic – Solution / Notes.
- Chapter – 10
- Chapter Name – Climate, Soil and Forest.
- Subpart – Climate: Important Seasons, Soil: Types, Soil erosion and conservation, Forest: Major types, importance, Conservation of Forests and Biosphere reserves.
(I) Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.
(1) What type of climate is found in India?
Answer:
India has a tropical monsoon type of climate.
(2) Define Monsoon.
Answer:
The periodic reversal of winds which cause rainy season in India is called monsoon.
(3) Mention the place which records high range of Temperature.
Answer:
The place which records the highest range of temperature is
(4) Which is the driest season in India?
Answer:
Driest season in India is the winter season.
(5) Name the region which receives ‘Monsoon outburst.
Answer:
Monsoon outburst is seen in Malabar coast of Kerala.
(6) Which is called ‘Mawsynram of South India’?
Answer:
Mawsyrnam of south India is Agumbe in Karnataka.
(7) Why are cyclones formed during North East Monsoon season?
Answer:
The cyclones formed during the northeast monsoon season because of pressure variations between Bay of Bengal and Indian mainland.
(8) Define Pedology.
Answer:
Pedology is the study of science.
(9) Name the soil which covers vast area of the country.
Answer:
The soil which covers the vast area of the country is Alluvial soil.
(10) Why is Black soil called Regur soil?
Answer:
Black soil is called regur soil because it is of dark black colour formed by the weathering of basaltic rocks.
(11) Where do we see Laterite soil?
Answer:
Laterite soil is found in Western ghats, parts of eastern ghats and Northeastern hills of India.
(12) What is ‘Green Gold’?
Answer:
Green gold are forests and their resources which are useful to human beings in various forms.
(13) Mention the average forest cover of the country.
Answer:
The average forest cover of the country is 22.50%.
(14) Which forest has high economic value trees?
Answer:
The high economic value trees are found in the coniferous forests.
(15) Where do we find DehangDebang Biosphere reserve?
Answer:
DehangDebang biosphere reserve is found in Arunachal Pradesh.
(II) Answer the following in two or three sentences each.
(1) Why is India called ‘Meteorological Unit’?
Answer:
India is called a meteorological unit because it has varying climatic conditions which differ with seasons and region. It is because of various conditions like temperature, pressure, wind, rainfall etc.
(2) Mention any two convectional rainfall of India.
Answer:
During summer season some parts of India witness convectional rainfalls like mango showers in Kerala, Cherry blossom in Karnataka, Kala Baisakhi in West Bengal etc.
(3) Write the significance of Monsoon.
Answer:
Monsoon plays a significant role in cropping patterns, crop seasons, nature and types of crops, yield and production, hydroelectricity, inland navigation etc.
(4) Mention the importance of Red soil.
Answer:
Red soil is rich in ferrous content, and it is used for Rice, ragi, jowar, groundnut, tobacco, millets, oil seeds, potato etc cultivation
(5) Name any four factors that affect Soil erosion.
Answer:
Factors like deforestation, overgrazing, improper methods of agriculture, shifting cultivation etc are responsible for soil erosion.
(6) State four best measures in the conservation of soil.
Answer:
Measures like afforestation, control of overgrazing, contour ploughing, terrace farming, erection of bunds, construction of check dams, crop rotation etc are the measures taken to prevent soil erosion.
(7) Name the states which have the highest and the lowest forest area in the country.
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh has the highest forest cover in India whereas Haryana has the lowest forest cover.
(8) Write the salient features of Evergreen forests.
Answer:
Evergreen forests are the dense forests found in regions of heavy rainfall and high temperature. They have hardwood trees, they also shed their leaves all around the year and have no definite season for shedding of leaves. Trees found here are mostly rosewood, white cedar, toon, gurjan, chaplash, ebony, mahogany etc.
(9) What is Mangrove forest? Why has it become important in the recent years?
Answer:
Mangrove forests are found in the delta regions of eastern coasts and in the coastal areas of Kachchh, Kathiawar and Gulf of Khambhat. They are useful for mankind as they protect the coastal areas from the harmful tidal waves and coastal erosion.
(10) Mention any four measures of conservation of forest.
Answer:
Some important measures of conservation of forest are afforestation, controlling forest fires, use of fuel wood should be prohibited, intensive tree planting programs, green belts creation etc.
(III) Answer the following.
(1) What is Climate? Explain the factors that determine the climate of India.
Answer:
The wide distribution of temperature and rainfall over the entire sub-continent is known as climate. India has a tropical monsoon type of climate. Factors determining the climate of India are-
- Latitude– Based on latitudes India has two climatic divisions: sub-tropical zone and the temperate zone.
- Mountainranges– The Northern Mountains act as the climatic divide, it prevents the cold northern winds to enter the Indian sub-continent.
- Distribution of land and water– India is a peninsula and it has water bodies on all its three sides. The differential heating of land and water create a different wind pattern in coastal areas.
- Relief– The relief features like altitude, topography etc also affect the climatic condition of a region. For example, the windward side of Western ghats and north east India have intense rainfall, whereas the leeward side of the western ghats does not witness rainfall.
- Monsoon winds– Monsoon is a specialised climatic phenomenon in which the winds blowing in the Indian sub-continent gets reversed and the South west monsoon winds blow from south west to north east direction. Whereas in the north east monsoon the winds blow from north east to south west.
(2) Explain the South West Monsoon season with the help of a map.
Answer:
The southwest monsoon season is witnessed in India during June to September months. It is also known as the rainy season or monsoon season. India receives more than 75% of the total rainfall under this season and 90% of the total geographical areas of India receives rainfall during this season. It initiates the Kharif cropping season.
During the June month the sun’s rays fall directly upon the Tropic of cancer and start shifting towards the northern hemisphere. So, the land temperature in India is greater than the ocean surface temperature. It results in the formation of low-pressure area on the land and the high pressure in the water bodies. This pressure gradient from water to land leads to the blowing of monsoonal winds or the Southwest monsoon winds. These winds originate from the Indian ocean and blow towards the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal. Arabian sea branch causes heavy rainfall in the Western ghats region. The first monsoonal spell is witnessed in Malabar coast of Kerala and this phase is termed as Monsoon outburst. The Bay of Bengal branch causes rainfall in Northern India, Eastern ghats and Northeast India.
MAP :
(3) Briefly explain the characteristic features of Winter and Summer seasons.
Answer:
The characteristic features of winter season are-
- This is also known as cold season, and it starts form Mid December to end February.
- During this season the sun’s rays fall directly on the tropic of Capricorn, because of which the areas north of the tropic of cancer witness cold season.
- Temperature decreases from the south to north direction.
- Parts of Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir receive little rainfall during this season.
The characteristic features of summer season are-
- It is also known as the hot season, and it starts from March and ends in May.
- The Sun shifts from the Tropic of Capricorn towards the equator during this period because of which there is an increase in temperature from South to North.
- Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan has recorded the highest temperature of above 52 degrees Celsius.
- During this period some parts of India receives convectional rainfall known as Mango showers in Kerala, Cherry blossom in Karnataka etc.
(4) Give details of North East Monsoon season.
Answer:
The northeast monsoon season is also known as the retreating monsoon season, and it lasts from Mid-September to Mid-December. On September 23 the sun’s rays fall directly upon the equator and during this time the Indian ocean surface temperature is more than the land temperature. Because of this high pressure is formed over the Bay of Bengal region which leads to the movement of winds from the northeastern part of India to the Arabian sea and Indian ocean region. During this phase rainfall is witnessed in the Coromandel coast due to its shape and relief. During this phase cyclones and anti-cyclones are formed in the Bay of Bengal region which causes great damage to the eastern coast of India.
(5) What is Soil? Explain the major types of soils.
Answer:
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks, and it is made up of finer rock particles. Its formation is influenced by climate, vegetation, age of the rocks, parent material and relief. The study of rocks is known as pedology. There are 6 main types of soils-
- Alluvialsoil– It covers 43.36% of the total geographical areas of India, and it is formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers and floodplains. It is mainly distributed over the northern plains. It is also of two types- Khadar, the newer alluvium deposits and the bhangar, older alluvium which is coarse in nature.
- Black soil– It is mostly found in peninsular India and is also known as black cotton soil and regur soil. It is formed by the weathering of basaltic rocks. It is found in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, and is famous for crops like cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, pulses, millets etc.
- Red Soil– It is formed by weathering of granite rocks and is rich in ferrous content. It is found in peninsular India in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh etc.
- Laterite soil– It is found in hot humid tropical regions and is formed by fragmentation and disintegration of the hilly and mountainous ranges. It is famous for plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, cashew nut etc.
- Desert soil– It is also known as arid soil and mainly found in Western and Northwestern India. It has least water holding capacity and rich humus content.
- Mountain soil– It is found in the mountain slopes of hills and mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand regions etc.
(6) Explain soil erosion and conservation of soil.
Answer:
The process of removal of the top layer of soil is known as soil erosion. It is caused because of various reasons like high temperature, rainfall, wind, waves etc. and human activities like deforestation, over grazing, shifting cultivation, improper and unscientific methods of agriculture etc. Rate of soil erosion is different with different climatic conditions, it is more in hilly regions because of rainfall. In coastal areas it is caused by the action of sea waves etc. According to estimates 40% of the total geographical area of India is under soil erosion.
Conservation of soil is a set of measures which are implemented to protect the soil from being eroded. Some important measures which are followed are afforestation, control of over grazing, contour ploughing, terrace farming, erection of bunds, construction of check dams, crop rotation, strip farming, mulching, control of floods, avoiding shifting cultivation etc.
(7) Describe the major types of forests in India.
Answer:
India has climatic diversity and has various seasonal patterns. According to these climatic pattern forests are classified into following types-
- Evergreenforests– These are forests which do not shed their leaves in any specific seasons. They are found in regions having high rainfall and temperature. In India it is found in Northeast, western ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, assam etc. Trees found here are rosewood, cedar, shisham, bamboo, toon, gurjan, chaplash etc.
- The deciduous forests– These forests shed their leaves in a certain season. They are home to various endangered animals. They are also classified into two types-
Moist deciduous forest– They are also known as monsoon forests. They receive an annual rainfall between 100 to 200 cm, and they are found in the eastern slopes of western ghats, chota Nagpur plateau and Siwalik mountains etc. Trees like teak, sandalwood, Sal, Khair, ebony, jackfruit etc.
The dry deciduous forest- They are also known as grasslands are found in areas having less rainfall. Trees like Sal, acacia, bamboo etc. are found here. It is found in deccan plateau, southeast Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana etc.
- Coniferous forest- They are found in mountainous regions. Tree found here have pointed leaves and they are of cone shaped. Oak, fir, pine, spruce, silver fir, deodar, juniper etc are found here.
- Desert forest– They are also known as arid forests. It is found in areas having low rainfall. Thorny bushes, shrubs, dry grass, acacia, cacti, and babul etc. are found here.
- Mangrove forests– They are found in river deltas in eastern ghats and in Kachchh, Kathiawar and Gulf of Cambay. Mangrove vegetation is important for coastal areas as they provide protections against harmful tidal waves and coastal erosion.
(8) Briefly explain the importance of forests.
Answer:
Forests have numerous environmental, social, and economic benefits like-
- They are a source of fresh air, food, and fodder. They are also beneficial for rainfall and are known as rain bearers.
- They help in controlling soil erosion and desertification.
- They provide various forest products like bamboo, timer, resin, lac, gum, cane, fuel wood which are of great economic importance.
- They provide medicinal trees like neem, basil, brahmi etc.
- They control floods and soil erosion. They also act as wind breakers and protect agricultural crops from harmful winds.
- They maintain soil fertility and provide rich humus to the soil.
- They control local climatic conditions like temperature, wind, rainfall etc.
- They maintain overall ecological balance and maintain ecological productivity.
- They are a source of timber and fuel wood. They also act as natural habitat for wildlife.
(9) Explain the important measures of conservation of forest.
Answer:
The important measures taken for conservation of forests are-
- Preventing deforestation, over grazing, and shifting cultivation. Afforestation should be promoted.
- Planting trees along the railway tracks, highways, canals etc and creating green belts in urban areas.
- Compensatory reforestation in case forest cover is lost to economic activities like mining.
- Awareness programms should be initiated like workshops, Chipkoandolan, appikoandolan, vanmahotsav, social forestry, reforestation etc.
- Encroachment in the forest areas should be discouraged.
(10) What are Biosphere reserves? Mention the important biosphere reserves of India.
Answer:
Biosphere reserves are the areas of natural heritage that are protected to protect the plant and animals present there for future generations. UNESCO started a Man and Biosphere Programme in 1971 to promote management, research and education for ecosystem conservation and using natural resources sustainably. India has eighteen biosphere reserves of which eight are listed under UNESCO’s MAB programme. In these regions protection is provided to flora, fauna and the human communities inhabiting these regions. The surrounding areas of these Biosphere reserves are used for research and economic uses. Some important Biosphere reserves of India are Nilgiris biosphere reserve, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere reserve, sunderban biosphere reserve, Nanda devi biosphere reserve, nokrek biosphere reserve, panchmarhi biosphere reserve, simlipal biosphere reserve, achanakmar-amarkanatak biosphere reserve.