Telangana SCERT Class 9 Social Studies Chapter 13 Solution – Industrialisation and Social Change. Here on this post we have provided Class 9 Social Studies Industrialisation and Social Change Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class IX Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 9 Social Studies Chapter 13 Industrialisation and Social Change Solution:
1.) Write two sentences each on thefollowing aspects in the context ofIndustrial revolution:
a) Technology
Ans: Improvements in machinery and a rapid development of technology and adoption of the new technology in production.
b) Agriculture revolution
Ans: Between 1600 and 1800 England had gone through a process called the ‘agricultural revolution’. This was the process by which bigger landlords took over small farms of peasants and enclosed village common lands.
c) financing and money
Ans: From the eighteenth century, many towns in Europe were growing in area and in population.The centre of the country’s financial system was the Bank of England (founded in 1694). By 1784, there were more than a hundred provincial banks in England, and during the next 10 years their numbers trebled.
d) transport systems
Ans: The spread of railways, transport by waterways was cheaper and faster than by land. Most of Britain’s rivers were navigable (small ships and boats could go up them), cargo on river vessels was easily transferred to coastal ships.
2.) What do you think is special about inventions happening during the industrial revolution?
Ans: When industrial development started in Britain, new machinery and technologies was invented. Because of the new machinery and technology, it was now possible to produce goods on a large scale as compared to handicraft and handloom industries where production was small scale British industries had now started using steams, a new source of power for their production. Use of steam power made the modes of transportation, like ships and railways, faster. Many of the inventors and businessmen who made these inventions were neither personally wealthy nor educated in basic sciences like physics or chemistry.
British iron smelters built upon a long tradition of metallurgy practiced all over the world, especially India. As you may know Indian iron smelters produced some of the finest quality steel in those times.After a long study and experimentation, a solution to the problem of steel making was developed by a family of iron-masters, the Darbys of Shropshire. Within half a century, three generations of this family – grandfather, father and son, all called Abraham Darby – brought a revolution in the metallurgical industry. In 1709 CE, the first Abraham Darby (1677-1717 CE) invented a blast furnace that would use coke which could generate high temperatures. Coke was derived from coal by removing the sulphur and impurities. This invention meant that furnaces no longer had to depend on charcoal. The melted iron that came from these furnaces permitted finer and larger castings than before. The process was further refined by more inventions. The second Darby (1711 68 CE) developed wrought-iron (which was less brittle) from pig-iron. Henry Cort (1740-1823 CE) designed the puddling furnace (in which impurities would be removed from molten iron) and the rolling mill, which used steam power to roll purified iron into bars.
3.) How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the industrial revolution?
Ans: The Industrial Revolution brought many important changes in the way children and women worked. In the rural areas, children usually worked at home or in the farm under the watchful eye of parents or relatives. They did jobs that changed during the day or between seasons. Similarly, in villages, women were actively involved in farm work; they looked after the livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes. But in the factories, they had to work for long hours without a break. They did the same kind of work under strict discipline and sharp forms of punishment. The women and children were forced to work to supplement men’s meagre wages. As the use of machinery spread, fewer workers were needed. Industrialists now preferred to employ women and children because they would easily agree to work in poor working conditions and for lower wages than men. Women and children were employed in large numbers in the cotton textile industry in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Women were also the main workers in the silk, lace-making and knitting industries, as well as (along with children) in the metal industries of Birmingham. Machinery like the cotton spinning jenny was designed to be used by child workers with their small fingers and bodies. Children worked in textile factories because they were small enough to move between tightly packed machinery. The long hours of work, including cleaning the machines on Sundays, allowed them no fresh air or exercise. Children sometimes caught theirhair in machines or crushed their hands. Some even died when they fell into machines as they dropped off to sleep from exhaustion.
4.) What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Ans: Canals were initially constructed with the purpose of transporting coal to urban areas due to its heavy weight and high demand. Compared to road transportation, canal boats provided a faster and more cost-effective means of moving coal. James Brindley, an English engineer, built the first canal, known as the Worsley Canal, in 1761 CE to transport coal from Worsley to Manchester, resulting in a significant decrease in coal prices. By 1830 CE, extensive canal networks spanning thousands of kilometers had been established to facilitate affordable commodity transportation. These canals were primarily constructed by landowners seeking to enhance the value of their properties.
In 1814 CE, the first steam locomotive, Stephenson’s Rocket, was invented. Railways emerged as a year-round mode of transportation that was both economical and swift, accommodating the carriage of passengers and goods. This innovation combined two key elements: the replacement of wooden tracks with iron tracks in the 1760s and the utilization of steam engine power.
The advent of railways marked the second stage of industrialization. The initial railway line connected Stockton and Darlington in 1825 CE, covering a distance of 9 miles and completing the journey in two hours at speeds of up to 5 mph. Subsequently, in 1830 CE, the Liverpool and Manchester railway line was established. Within a span of 20 years, trains were capable of reaching speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour.
5.) Locate the places where iron and textile industries are mainly concentrated in Englandduring industrial revolution.
Ans: Iron industries: Wolverhampton, Yorkshire, Birmingham, Walsall.
Textile industries: Lancashire, Yorksire.
6.) Prepare a table on inventions during the time of Industrial Revolution.
Ans:
| Invention | Inventor(s) | Year
a.) | Steam Engine | James Watt | 1769
b.) | Spinning Jenny | James Hargreaves | 1764
c.) | Water Frame | Richard Arkwright| 1769
d.) | Cotton Gin | Eli Whitney | 1793
e.) | Power Loom | Edmund Cartwright| 1785
f.) | Steamboat | Robert Fulton | Early 1800s
g.) | Telegraph | Samuel Morse | 1837
h.) | Sewing Machine | Elias Howe | 1846
i.) | Steel Production | Henry Bessemer | 1856
j.) | Steam Locomotive | George Stephenson| 1814 (Rocket)
k.) | Telegraph | Samuel Morse | 1837
l.) | Sewing Machine | Elias Howe | 1846
m.) | Steel Production | Henry Bessemer | 1856
n.) | Steam Locomotive | George Stephenson| 1814 (Rocket)
7.) Read the para under the title ‘The Workers’ of page176 and comment on it.
Ans: A survey conducted in 1842 CE discovered that the workers’ average life expectancy in cities was considerably lower than that of other social groups. For instance, in Birmingham, it was 15 years, in Manchester, 17 years, and in Derby, 21 years. The industrial cities experienced higher mortality rates and shorter lifespans compared to rural areas. Tragically, half of the children failed to survive beyond the age of five. The population growth in cities was primarily due to immigration rather than an increase in births among existing residents.
The main causes of death were epidemics of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis, which spread due to contaminated water and polluted air. In 1832 CE alone, over 31,000 people succumbed to a cholera outbreak. Until the late nineteenth century, municipal authorities showed little concern for these hazardous living conditions. Furthermore, the general population lacked the medical knowledge necessary to comprehend and treat these diseases.