Telangana SCERT Class 9 Social Studies Chapter 12 Solution – Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions. Here on this post we have provided Class 9 Social Studies Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class IX Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 9 Social Studies Chapter 12 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions Solution:
1.) Identify the name of the country in thecontext of following statements: (UK, USA and France)
- revolution where parliament system was established.Ans: UK
- country where king continues to play some role even after revolution.Ans: UK
- country that had to war against another in order to establish its democracy.Ans: USA
- The Bill of rights was adopted.Ans: USA
- Overthrow of the monarchy was led by the peasants.Ans: France
- The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted.Ans: France
2.) What were the main ideas of social thinkers, which were significant to theestablishment of new forms of governments? How did they gain popularity?
Ans: The early modern period was also the time when major advances were made in Science (especially Astronomy), Mathematics, Philosophy etc. During this time the observations and calculations made by scientists of China, India, Arab countries and Europe were compiled and studied. After years of hard work great scientists like Galileo arrived at the conclusion that the Sun was at the centre of the Solar System and planets like the Earth went around it. Great mathematicians like NilakanthaSomayaji, Descartes and Newton, developed new methods for studying movement of planets and stars. The thought of the Early Modern period was dominated by the idea of human freedom and equality. It took different forms in different countries. This had a great influence on religious thinking as people rebelled against dogmatism, priesthood and ritualism of earlier religious thought and asserted that all human beings could reach god irrespective of their birth or social status. In the field of arts, this resulted in realistic depiction of human beings and the world around us especially in painting. All these changes in the early modern period paved the way for the great developments of the Modern periodToday, we are used to the idea of democratic form of government. All the citizens have fundamental rights and are treated as equals by law. However, this kind of democracy was not there in the earlier times. Countries were ruled by kings or emperors who made laws at their will and the society was divided into estates, each had its privileges and obligations. In this chapter, we will read about how people fought to build democratic political systems and achieve social equality.
3.) Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protests inFrance.
Ans: On May 5, 1789 CE, Louis XVI summoned a gathering of the Estates General to deliberate on proposals regarding new taxes. The First and Second Estates dispatched 300 representatives each, seated across from each other in rows on two sides. However, the 600 members of the Third Estate were relegated to standing at the back. Only the wealthier and educated members of the Third Estate were granted representation, while peasants, artisans, and women were denied entry into the assembly. Nevertheless, their grievances and demands were documented in approximately 40,000 letters carried by the representatives.
Previously, each estate possessed a single vote during the voting process. Louis XVI intended to maintain this practice. However, the members of the Third Estate insisted that voting should be conducted by the entire assembly, with each member having an equal vote. This principle aligned with democratic ideas advocated by philosophers such as Rousseau in his work, The Social Contract. When the King rejected this proposition, the members of the Third Estate departed from the assembly as a form of protest.
4.) Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.
Ans: Yes, the message of universal rights was beset with different contradictions, as we can see in the following points:
a.) Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
b.) The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and inalienable rights of man. These are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.
c.) The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.
d.) Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.
e.) The law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society.
f.) Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to participate in its formation, personally or through their representatives. All citizens are equal before it.
g.) No man may be accused, arrested or detained, except in cases determined by the law.
h.) Every citizen may speak, write and print freely; he must take responsibility for the abuse of such liberty in cases determined by the law.
i.) For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenses of administration a common tax is indispensable; it must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means.
j.Since property is a sacred and inviolable right, no one may be deprived of it, unless a legally established public necessity requires it. In that case a just compensation must be given in advance.
5.) What made the American colonists to raise the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’?
Ans: In 1492 CE, after Columbus discovered the American Continent, England and other European countries established colonies along the eastern coast of North America by the 18th century. These colonies, known as the Thirteen States, were predominantly settled by individuals seeking freedom and independence from England. They migrated to America, established settlements, cultivated land, operated small workshops, and engaged in trade. The English Parliament began exerting control over these colonies by enacting laws that applied to the American states, despite the fact that the people residing there did not participate in parliamentary elections.
During the 1750s, the American colonies were predominantly inhabited by small and medium-sized farmers who owned and cultivated their land. Additionally, there was a significant presence of artisans and traders. Unlike Europe, these colonies lacked powerful landlords or rulers, resulting in a level of equality among the people. While most residents were Christians, they belonged to different denominations, each with their own churches. Consequently, the authority and social status of priests in America were not as prominent as in Europe.
Numerous influential Americans, such as Tom Paine and Thomas Jefferson, actively advocated for social and political equality, as well as freedom of thought for all individuals. Meanwhile, the English Parliament often passed laws that favoured English traders and factories at the expense of the American colonies’ population. In response, the American colonies adopted the slogan “No Taxation without Representation.” In 1774 CE, representatives from twelve colonies convened at the Philadelphia Congress to voice their protest against the British government. They appealed to King George III to restore their former rights, but he refused, resulting in the colonies’ resistance and armed clashes between British and American soldiers.
6.) How do you understand women’s role in French Revolution?
Ans: From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events that made any important changes in French society. Most women of the Third Estate had to work for a living.Women started their own political clubs and newspapers to discuss and voice their interests. One of their main demands was that women should get he same political rights as men. Women were disappointed that the Constitution of 1791 CE made them passive citizens. They demanded for the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political positions.Women’s movements for voting rights and equal wages continued through the next two hundred years in many countries of the world. The fight for the right to vote continued through an international suffrage movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The example of the political activities of French women during the revolutionary years inspired many women around the world. It was finally in 1946 CE that women in France won the right to vote.
7.) Read the para under the title ‘The Reign of Terror’ of page 158 and comment on it.
Ans: The period spanning from 1793 to 1794 CE is commonly referred to as the Reign of Terror. During this time, Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobin club, pursued a policy of stringent control and punishment. He apprehended, detained, and subsequently subjected individuals he deemed as ‘enemies’ of the republic to revolutionary trials. These individuals encompassed former nobles, clergy members, members of opposing political parties, and even dissenters within his own party. Upon being deemed ‘guilty’ by the court, they faced execution by guillotine. Robespierre’s government also enacted laws that imposed an upper limit on wages and prices. The populace was restricted to a fixed quantity of meat and bread, with peasants being compelled to send their grain to cities and sell it at government-determined prices. The use of costlier white flour was prohibited, and all citizens were mandated to consume the pain d’égalité (bread of equality), a type of bread made from whole wheat. Churches were closed down and their premises repurposed as barracks or offices. Robespierre enforced his policies so rigorously that even his supporters urged him to ease them. Eventually, in July 1794 CE, he was convicted by a court, arrested, and executed via the guillotine.
8.) Briefly explain the process of the unification of Germany.
Ans: Till 19th century, Germany was divided into many small independent kingdoms. Once,they were part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806 CE, France ruler, Napolean Bonaparte conquered these and formed Rhine Confederation with 39 kingdoms. For the first time, these kingdoms were ruled under one crown. So, the nationalistic ideas were formed in Germans. When the liberals,traditionalists and patriots tasted the nationalism, they wanted to be one nation. But, Vienna Congress, after the fall of Napolean revived the kingdoms as earlier. A customs union called Zolloverein formulated some trade rules for free trade, economic cooperation in these kingdoms. It created a feeling of unity in Germans. This economic cooperation is the first step en-routed to political unity and Unification of Germany.Prussia,the biggest in German kingdoms, its ruler, William I, chancellor Bismarck made possible the Unification of Germany with three battles in seven years. Bismarck followed the policy of blood and iron . He made every citizen to join compulsory military service. He strengthened the military power. He isolated Austria, Holland and France with plotted diplomatic policy and defeated.
9.) Locate England, France, Prussia, Spain, and Austria on the Map of Europe.
Ans: