Karnataka SSLC Class 10 Social Science (History) Chapter 3 ‘The Impact of The British Rule in India’ textbook Questions and Answers Solution by Expert Teacher. This Chapter Exercise includes Fill in the blanks, Discuss in groups questions and answers.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:-
- Diwani Adallat in civil court was introduced by Lord Warren Hastings.
- The post of Superintendent of police(SP) was created by Lord Cornwallis.
- The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar provinces in Lord Cornwallis.
- The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Rayotwari System.
- The British Officer who supported modern education in India is Warren Hastings.
- The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.
II.) Discuss and answer the following questions:-
1.) Illustrate the judicial system formulated through East India Company.
According to the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Diwani Adalat’ as a civil court and ‘A Fouzadaari Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.
2.) What are the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?
Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ in 1793 and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. The entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable Indians qualified for the post of the police officers.
3.) In permanent Zamindari system the Indian farmers “were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How?
Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue annually. This was called the Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner. The Zamindar was expected to pay the agreed land taxes to the company on a set date every year. He was free to collect any amount of land taxes from the farmers and could retain the excess money collected. This system created a new social group that aided the British. The farmers, the farming labourers suffered due to irregular working opportunities in the farming lands. They were exploited and had to lead a life of insecurity. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.
4.) What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?
The Ryotwari System was first implemented in the Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. Under this system, both the farmer and the company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of the produce as land tax to the company government. The land tax had a thirty year tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
5.) What were the effects of British Land taxes?
The effects of British Land Taxes: A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the Zamindars, became landless slowly. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay the land taxes. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England. The money lenders became strong.
6.) Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.
The effects of British Education in India
i.) Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals.
ii.) Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This facilitated unity in the thinking process among the educated class.
iii.) Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to have critical opinions on various issues.
iv.) New social and religious reformation movements emerged.
v.) The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu brought fresh thinking in the minds of educated youth of India.
vi.) The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced the Indians also.
vii.) Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.
7.) What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?
After the implementation of Diwani Rights in 1765, the greedy Company officials misused this provision and became rich in a corrupt way. Corruption spiraled out. The government remained silent to the fact of corruption among the Company officials. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of Directors of the Company. Only during acute emergencies, they were entitled to act independently. According to this Act, the Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating. As the name of the Regulating Act suggests, the Act aimed at regulating the Company affairs and its administration in India under the control of the British Government.
8.) What are the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?
The Queen of England, Victoria, announced that all round development of India would be ensured by the British government on November 01, 1858. The following are the important features of the Indian Government act of 1858:-
i.) The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
ii.) The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
iii.) A new post called ‘Secretary of State for India’ was created by the British government. The secretary was part of the British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India.
iv.) A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.
9.) How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian Constitution?
This act acted as the base for the formation of the Indian Constitution. Most provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act.
i.) A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions and dominion states was formed.
ii.) The Reserve Bank of India was established.
iii.) Dyarchy was established at the centre.
iv.) Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and autonomy was granted.
v.) The Federal Court was established.
These acts should be understood as the result of struggle led by Indians for self-rule.
10.) What are the important features of the 1919 Act?
This act is also called the ‘Montague-chelmsford Reforms Act’. The following are the important features of this act:- Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and Upper House were formed. Dyarchy was allowed at provincial governments. A high commissioner was appointed for India. Promised to improve local self government. Provincial budget was separated from the central budget. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
III.) Activity:-
Also See: This Chapter Additional Question Answer