NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 9 Developing Psychological Skills
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 9 Developing Psychological Skills: National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class 12 Psychology Chapter 9 Solutions – Developing Psychological Skills.
Board |
NCERT |
Class |
12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
9 |
Chapter Name |
Developing Psychological Skills |
Topic |
Exercise Solutions |
Chapter 9. Developing Psychological Skills
Review Questions
1.) What competencies are required for becoming an effective psychologist?
The fundamental abilities or competences that psychologists have recognised as necessary for becoming a competent psychologist can be divided into three categories: (a) General Skills, (b) Observational Skills, and (c) Specific Skills.
GENERAL SKILLS
Regardless of their area of specialisation, all psychologists require these skills since they are generic in nature. All professional psychologists, whether they specialise in clinical and health psychology, industrial/organizational, social, educational, or environmental contexts, or whether they serve as consultants, must possess these abilities. These abilities span both interpersonal and intellectual domains. It is anticipated that it will not be appropriate to provide students who lack these abilities any type of professional training (in the clinical or organisational domains). Once a student possesses these abilities, more instruction in her or his area of specialisation will only further develop and improve these abilities needed by a professional in her or his field of specialisation.
OBSERVATIONAL SKILLS
A significant portion of what psychologists do in the field as researchers and practitioners is to pay close attention, observe, and listen. They pay attention to what is felt, heard, smelled, tasted, and seen using all of their senses. Thus, a psychologist functions as an apparatus that gathers data from all sources in the outside world.
SPECIFIC SKILLS
These competencies are fundamental or central to the psychological services industry. For instance, psychologists who work in clinical settings must have training in a variety of therapeutic intervention, psychological evaluation, and counselling procedures. Even while extremely specialised professional functioning calls for very unique abilities and competences, all skill sets do have a lot in common. They are not localised to one place. The following categories apply to pertinent specialised abilities and competencies:
(a) Communication Skills • Speaking • Active listening • Body language or non-verbal skills
(b) Psychological Testing Skills
(c) Interviewing Skills
(d) Counselling Skills • Empathy • Positive regard • Authenticity
2.) What are the generic skills needed by all psychologists?
1.) Interpersonal skills: the capacity to empathise, listen, and respect others’ cultures, experiences, beliefs, points of view, objectives and desires, anxieties, and receptivity to criticism, among other things; These abilities are communicated vocally or nonverbally.
2.) Cognitive Skills: the capacity for problem-solving, organised reasoning, critical thinking, intellectual vigour, and flexibility.
3.) Affective Skills: emotional equilibrium, tolerance of interpersonal conflict, comprehension of it, and acceptance of ambiguity and uncertainty.
4.) Personality/Attitude: a willingness to assist others, an openness to novel concepts, honesty/integrity/a respect for moral behaviour, and self-discipline.
5.) Expressive Skills: Capacity to convey information, ideas, and feelings through speech, nonverbal cues, and writing.
6.) Reflective Skills: The capacity to analyse and take into account one’s own intentions, attitudes, and behaviours as well as the sensibility to one’s own behaviour or that of others.
7.) Personal competencies: time management, personal cleanliness, organisation, and proper attire.
3.) Define communication. Which component of the communication process is most important? Justify your answer with relevant examples.
Feelings and thoughts are communicated by spoken and/or nonverbal messages that are given, received, and understood during communication, which can be conscious or unconscious, purposeful or inadvertent.
The most crucial aspect of communication is language-based speaking.
- Language uses a vocabulary that contains words represented by symbols.
- Communicator must be able to utilise words effectively in a structured and clear manner.
- Clarity and accuracy are required.
- Communication occurs in a context and requires consideration of the other person’s frame of reference.
- It’s crucial that the speaker adapts his language.
- Silence when listening might give the impression that it is a passive behaviour.
- Listening calls for a person to be alert, patient, nonjudgmental, and able to consider and react.
Hearing and listening are not the same thing; hearing is a biological function. It is an active activity. Receiving a message via sensory pathways is involved.according to the listener’s level.
- Euphemisms, slang idioms, and terminology specific to a culture can all be barriers to effective communication.
4.) Describe the set of competencies that must be kept in mind while administering a psychological test.
A fundamental skill that all psychologists must possess is psychological evaluation. It comprises understanding of thorough and integrated evaluation of individuals based on interviews, psychological testing, and appraisal of the results of psychological services. The abilities necessary for psychological assessment include the following:
- The capacity to choose and apply a variety of techniques and means of evaluation in ways that are sensitive to and respectful of different people, couples, families, and groups.
- Understanding of psychometric principles and the underpinnings of evaluation techniques.
- Understanding of problems in integrating various data sources.
- The capacity to combine evaluation information from many sources for diagnostic reasons.
- The capacity to create and use diagnoses; comprehension of the advantages and disadvantages of the most recent diagnostic techniques.
- The ability to employ supervision to put abilities into practise and improve them.
Any person who uses a psychological exam must be a psychologist with professional training in psychological testing. Psychological tests are strictly performed in accordance with the instructions provided in the test handbook.
5.) What is the typical format of a counselling interview?
The interviewer creates an interview structure after deciding on the interview’s goals. Regardless of the interview’s goal, the basic structure is broken down into three parts: opening, the body, and the closing.
- Opening of the Interview
A conversational opening includes building trust between two communicators. The goal is to ensure the interviewee feels at ease. Typically, the interviewer initiates the conversation and speaks the most at first. This does two things: it clarifies the interview’s purpose and provides the interviewee some time to settle down and get to know the interviewer.
- Body of the Interview
The main portion of the interview is where the action takes place. In this phase, the interviewer attempts to get the knowledge and data needed for the objective by asking questions. The interviewer creates a schedule, also known as a set of questions, for the many areas or categories they wish to cover in order to achieve the goals of the interview. The interviewer must first choose the domains or categories for which information is to be generated before they can proceed. Inquiries are created to evaluate both objective and subjective judgements of the facts.
- Closing the Interview
The interviewer should summarise their findings while they are wrapping up the session. A discussion of the subsequent action should be included in the conclusion. The interviewer should give the interviewee an opportunity to ask questions or make remarks as the session is coming to a close.
6.) What do you understand by the term counselling? Explain the characteristics of an effective counsellor.
Counseling offers a method for interview preparation, behaviour analysis of the counsellor and client, and assessment of the client’s developmental effects. In order to provide and receive help, there must be a helpful connection between the person seeking help and the one ready to provide it. This relationship must be established in a context that supports this.
Characteristics of Effective Counsellor
The counsellor has the duty as a skilled assistance to make sure that the client benefits from counselling and that its therapeutic effects are realised. However, the talent, expertise, attitude, personal traits, and behaviour of a counsellor, any or all of which can increase or lessen the helping process, play a significant role in how well a counselling process goes. In this part, we’ll talk about four characteristics that make good counsellors.
(i) Authenticity: How you perceive or see yourself makes up your “I.” Your ideas, words, acts, look, and style of life all reflect your sense of self. All of these let other people know who you are. People who interact with you frequently form their own opinions about you for themselves and occasionally transmit these opinions to you. For instance, friends will express their likes and dislikes of you. Your parents and instructors may compliment or chastise you. People you respect also assess you. These opinions from the group of people you respect, sometimes known as “significant others,” coalesce into a “me.”The person who other people think you are is this other supposed “me.” Your personal self-conception of “I” may be similar to or unlike from this perspective. How much you are mindful of both your own and other people’s perceptions of who you are is a good indicator of how self-conscious you are. Being genuine suggests that your behaviour aligns with your beliefs, inner feelings, and perception of who you are in the world.
(ii) Positive regard for other people: A healthy connection between the client and the counsellor in counselling promotes freedom of speech. It demonstrates that both parties agree that their feelings matter. We must keep in mind that when we start a new relationship, we feel apprehensive and anxious. These sensations are lessened when a counsellor shows the client positive respect by acknowledging that it is okay to feel the way the client is experiencing.
(iii) Empathy is one of the most important skills a counsellor should possess. Empathy is the capacity of a counsellor to comprehend the thoughts and feelings of another person from that person’s point of view. The two terms compassion and empathy have different meanings. You act as the hero to win them over. You could believe that someone deserves your consideration.
(iv) Paraphrasing: This calls for the counselor’s capacity to verbally reflect back to the client what they say and feel.
7.) To be an effective counsellor, it is mandatory that s/he undergoes professional training. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your arguments.
A “trained professional” should be the psychologist. If he or she is unprepared, they risk “accomplish[ing] more damage] than [any great]”. Therapists must undergo proper preparation and teaching while being closely monitored in order to develop abilities.
Preparation is necessary for the growth of a qualified advisor. To develop their skills, therapists must be trained and directed under “guided supervision.”
The effects of a fake work might have quite negative effects. When someone starts a job they don’t particularly want to do, they may struggle with change, feel unfavourably about themselves, and other problems.
There are “moral and expert skills” in social specialists, families, marital mentors, therapists, and understudy mentors alike. Knowing the “moral principles”, “codes,” and “expert competency” is essential since giving advice is a core part of the administration’s activity. If moral and professional norms are not followed, there may be legal repercussions.
8.) What are the ethical considerations in client-counsellor relationships?
A code of ethics governing behaviour and judgement in genuine therapeutic settings has been created by the American Psychological Association (APA). The practise of counselling can be lead in accomplishing its intended goal with the use of practical understanding of various ethical domains. Among the APA practise recommendations are:
- Knowledge of legislation, rules, regulations, and case law pertinent to the practise of psychology; knowledge of ethical/professional norms, standards, and guidelines.
- Recognize and evaluate moral and legal dilemmas that arise in a variety of therapeutic professional actions.
- Be able to identify and comprehend the ethical aspects/features of one’s own behaviours and practises in a therapeutic environment.
- When faced with moral dilemmas, seek the necessary knowledge and advice.
- Exercise appropriate professional aggression while resolving moral quandaries.
9.) Identify an aspect of your friend’s personal life that s/he wants to change. As a student of psychology, think of specific ways in which you can devise a programme to help your friend modify or solve her/his problem.
A friend who recently relocated to a new city and started a new job, but who is terribly afraid of being utterly alone because she is so shy and has trouble making friends.
I will advise my companion to develop a wellness cycle, which is a method of appropriately adjusting to strain by focusing on social, bodily, and passionate emotions.
She could attempt to manage this situation by remaining home alone after work, keeping to herself, and ultimately wallowing in her horror. However, as a student of mind science, I can help her come up with logical solutions for dealing with this stressor. She can choose from a variety of lifestyle choices that promote success by following the prosperity cycle.
For instance, she could force herself to get down to business at work in the hopes that she will make herself more well-known. This will bolster her confidence. She may employ adaptable physical reactions, such as beginning oxygen-demanding lessons or running every morning. Her aura will become more overpowering as a result, and she will have the chance to meet more individuals who share her interests. Finally, she may engage in adaptable joyful reactions, such as changing her internal dialogue to consistently remind herself that she is content, kind to her neighbours, and liked by them.
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