NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders: National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Solutions – Psychological Disorders.
Board |
NCERT |
Class |
12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
4 |
Chapter Name |
Psychological Disorders |
Topic |
Exercise Solutions |
Chapter 4. Psychological Disorders
Review Questions
1.) Identify the symptoms associated with depression and mania.
Mood disorders include mania and depression. These are characterised by persistent maladaptive emotional states or mood disorders.
The most common forms of mood disorders consist of:
1.) Major Depression disorders 2. Mania 3. Bipolar Disorders
Depression may appear as a sign of another condition or as a serious disorder on its own. A period of low mood and/or loss of interest in or enjoyment from most activities, along with other symptoms that may include, are considered to be major depressive disorders.
Symptoms of Depression:
- Energy loss and extreme weariness
- Weight fluctuation and persistent sleep issues.
- Tiredness.
- Difficulty thinking clearly.
- Agitation
- Significantly slowed behaviour
- Death and suicide-related thoughts.
- A relationship breakdown.
- A poor sense of oneself.
- No desire for enjoyable pursuits.
- Other signs and symptoms include overburdening or a sense of worthlessness.
Symptoms of mania.
- A higher degree of activity.
- Euphoric.
- Excessive chatter
- Distracted easily.
- Impulsive.
- Least amount of sleep ever.
- An inflated sense of self.
- An excessive amount of pleasure-seeking.
2.) Describe the characteristics of children with hyperactivity.
Inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are the two primary characteristics of ADHD.
Inattentive children find it challenging to maintain mental effort when working or playing. They struggle to concentrate on one item at a time or to follow directions. The kid doesn’t listen, can’t focus, can’t follow directions, is disorganised, easily distracted, forgetful, doesn’t finish homework, and quickly loses interest in uninteresting activities are common concerns.
Impulsive kids appear to be unable to restrain their first responses or to consider things through. They struggle with deferring satisfaction, waiting patiently for others, and avoiding urgent temptations. While more serious accidents and injuries can occasionally happen, little slip-ups like knocking objects over are rather typical.
There are several variations of hyperactivity. Children with ADHD move around a lot. It is hard for them to remain motionless throughout a class. The kid could wriggle, climb, or wander around the room aimlessly. They are described as being “propelled by a motor,” constantly on the go, and talking nonstop by their parents and instructors.
3.) What are the consequences of alcohol substance addiction?
One of the biggest issues facing society today is addictive behaviour, whether it entails abusing drugs like alcohol or cocaine or involves an excessive intake of high-calorie foods that leads to extreme obesity. Drug-related and addictive illnesses cover disorders involving maladaptive behaviours brought on by continuous, regular use of the substance in question.
Alcohol abusers frequently consume excessive amounts of alcohol and depend on it to get them through challenging circumstances. The drinking eventually affects their social behaviour, cognition, and productivity. After that, their bodies develop a tolerance to alcohol, requiring them to consume much more to experience its effects. When they quit drinking, they also go through withdrawal symptoms. Millions of families, social connections, and jobs are destroyed by alcoholism. Many traffic accidents are caused by drunk driving. Serious consequences also accrue to the offspring of those who suffer from this condition. These kids have greater incidence of psychiatric issues, especially anxiety, depression, phobias, and disorders linked to substance abuse. Drinking too much might have a negative impact on your physical health. Several of alcohol’s negative impacts on psychological and physical health include,
All alcoholic beverages include the molecule ethyl alcohol, which is taken into the blood and transported to the brain and spinal cord where it slows or depresses functioning.
- Because ethanol affects the brain regions that govern inhibition and judgement, people become friendlier and more chatty while also feeling more self-assured and content.
- Other parts of the brain are impacted by alcohol when it is absorbed. For instance, those who drink are less able to make wise decisions, speak less clearly and with greater caution, have trouble remembering things, and often become passionate, loud, and violent.
- An increase in motor problems. For instance, people get awkward and unstable while walking, their eyesight becomes blurry, and they have problems hearing. They also find it difficult to drive.
4.) Can a distorted body image lead to eating disorders? Classify the various forms of it.
Eating disorders are a collection of disorders that are particularly interesting to young people. These include binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa.
The person with anorexia nervosa has a mistaken perception of their physique, which causes them to believe they are overweight. A person with anorexia may lose a lot of weight and even starve to death by frequently refusing to eat, engaging in obsessive exercise, and forming strange behaviours like refusing to eat in front of other people.
When someone has bulimia nervosa, they may overeat before purging their bodies of the food by vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, or both. When someone binges, they frequently feel disgusted and humiliated, and when they purge, they feel relieved of stress and unpleasant emotions. There are several bouts of out-of-control eating in binge eating. The person often eats more quickly than usual and keeps eating until they are uncomfortably full. In actuality, substantial amounts of food can be consumed even when one is not really hungry.
5.) “Physicians make diagnosis looking at a person’s physical symptoms”. How are psychological disorders diagnosed?
We must first categorise psychological diseases in order to comprehend them. A list of distinct psychological disorder types that have been categorised into several groups based on some shared traits makes up a categorization of these diseases. The ability to communicate about the disorder with other users, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers, is one reason why classifications are useful. They also aid in understanding the causes of psychological disorders as well as the procedures involved in their development and maintenance. An authoritative document explaining and identifying many types of psychiatric diseases has been released by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) gives specific clinical criteria that show whether an illness is present or absent.
The ICD-10 Classification of Behavioural and Mental Disorders, the tenth iteration of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), is the official classification system used in India and other countries. The World Health Organization prepared it (WHO). In this system, a description of the key clinical characteristics or symptoms, together with other relevant characteristics, such as recommended diagnostic criteria, is given for each condition.
6.) Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions.
Have you ever observed someone cleaning their hands after each time they touch something, washing even pennies, or walking only in the lines of the pavement or floor? Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients struggle to restrain their fixation on certain concepts or their inability to stop themselves from continuously engaging in an act or sequence of acts that interfere with their capacity to engage in daily tasks. The inability to stop thinking about a specific concept or subject is known as obsessive behaviour. Often, the individual experiencing them considers these ideas repugnant and embarrassing. The drive to repeat specific behaviours is known as compulsive behaviour.
Obsessions are repeated ideas, images, or urges that a person feels they have no control over. OCD sufferers do not wish to experience these ideas and find them to be unsettling. Most of the time, OCD sufferers are aware that these beliefs are absurd. Obsessions frequently come with strong and unpleasant emotions like dread, disgust, anxiety, and doubt, as well as a sense that everything must be done “exactly so.” Obsessions in the context of OCD take up time and interfere with worthwhile pursuits that the individual cherishes. This final point is crucial to remember since it helps to establish if a person has OCD, a clinical condition, or just an obsessive personality trait.
Compulsions are recurrent actions or ideas used by a person to oppose, neutralise, or make their obsessions disappear. OCD sufferers are aware that this is only a temporary fix, yet they nonetheless rely on their compulsions because they lack other coping mechanisms. Avoiding events that cause obsessions may also be a compulsion. Compulsions take up time and prevent a person from engaging in worthwhile things that they value.
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7.) Can a long-standing pattern of deviant behaviour be considered abnormal? Elaborate.
Many times referred to as the “four Ds,” deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger are typical characteristics included in most definitions of “abnormality.” That is to say, psychological illnesses are dysfunctional (impeding the individual’s capacity to carry out everyday tasks in a useful manner), deviant (different, extreme, odd, even weird), distressing (unpleasant and upsetting to the person and others), and potentially hazardous (to the person or to others). This term serves as a helpful springboard for our investigation of psychiatric disorders. The word “abnormal” suggests a departure from some clearly established norms or standards because its literal meaning is “apart from the usual.” In psychology, we don’t even have a “normal model” or an “ideal model” of how people behave. Different methods have been employed to discern between typical and aberrant behaviour. These methods lead to the following two fundamental, opposing views:
According to the first theory, deviant behaviour deviates from societal standards. According to many psychologists, the term “abnormal” is just a label applied to behaviour that deviates from societal norms. Behaviour, thoughts, and emotions that deviate significantly from how society perceives normal behaviour are considered abnormal. Every culture has norms, which are explicit or implicit guidelines for appropriate behaviour. An irregular behaviour, thinking, or feeling deviates from social norms. The norms of a society develop from its unique culture, including its history, values, institutions, customs, knowledge, abilities, and arts. Therefore, aggressive behaviour may be acceptable in a community where assertiveness and rivalry are valued, but aggressive behaviour may be frowned upon or even considered odd in a civilization where cooperation and family values are prioritised, such as India. A society’s ideas of what constitutes psychiatric abnormality may alter throughout time as a result of changes in its values. There are significant issues with this definition. It is predicated on the idea that behaviour that is socially acceptable is not abnormal and that conformance to social standards is the only thing that constitutes normalcy.
The second strategy sees anomalous behaviour as unfit. Many psychologists contend that the best indicator of whether behaviour is normal is not whether it is accepted by society but rather if it promotes the welfare of the person and, eventually, of the community to which the individual belongs. In addition to maintenance and survival, well-being also entails growth and fulfilment, or the actualization of potential, which you must have learned about in Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs. This criteria states that conforming behaviour might be considered abnormal if it is maladaptive, or if it hinders growth and optimal functioning. For instance, a student in the class favours silence while having questions in mind. Maladaptive behaviour means that there is a problem.
8.) While speaking in public the patient changes topics frequently, is this a positive or a negative symptom of schizophrenia? Describe the other symptoms of schizophrenia.
“While speaking in public, the patient changes topics frequently.” This is a symptom of derailment. This is one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia patients may speak strangely and have trouble thinking coherently. These formal mental illnesses can make communicating quite challenging. These include hopping from subject to subject quickly, which causes the usual flow of thought to become jumbled and illogical (loosening of associations, derailment), creating new words or phrases (neologisms), and repeatedly and inappropriately repeating the same ideas (perseveration).
Positive signs in a person’s behaviour are “pathological excesses” or “bizarre additions.”
The symptoms of schizophrenia that are most frequently observed include delusions, disordered thinking and speech, enhanced perception and hallucinations, and inappropriate effects. Delusions are frequently formed in schizophrenia patients. A delusion is a deeply held incorrect belief that is supported by insufficient evidence. It is unaffected by logic and lacks a real-world foundation.
Hallucinations, or experiences that happen in the absence of external stimuli, are a possibility in people with schizophrenia. The most typical case of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Patients experience voices or noises that communicate directly to them in the second person (second-person hallucination) or that refer to them by their first name (third-person hallucination). The other senses can also be affected by hallucinations. These include tactile hallucinations (such as tingling or burning), somatic hallucinations (such as seeing a snake crawling inside one’s stomach), visual hallucinations (such as seeing people or objects clearly or perceiving colours vaguely), gustatory hallucinations (such as having an off-putting taste in one’s mouth), and olfactory hallucinations (i.e. smell of poison or smoke). Additionally, those who have schizophrenia exhibit improper affect, or feelings that are inappropriate for the circumstance.
9.) What do you understand by the term ‘dissociation’? Discuss its various forms.
Dissociation can be seen as the breaking of the links between thoughts and feelings. Dissociation is characterised by emotions of disassociation, alienation, depersonalization, and even a loss or change in identity. Dissociative diseases are characterised by abrupt, transient changes in awareness that obscure unpleasant memories. These include Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder, and Dissociative Amnesia.
There is no known biological origin for dissociative amnesia, which is characterised by a significant yet selective memory loss (e.g., head injury). Some people are completely unable to recall their history. Others lose the ability to recall some incidents, persons, locations, or things while maintaining their memory for other memories. Dissociative fugue is a symptom of dissociative amnesia. Unexpected travel away from home and job, the assumption of a new identity, and the inability to recall the old identity might all be key components of this. The individual abruptly “wakes up” at the conclusion of the fugue, generally with no recall of what happened before. This disease and extreme stress are frequently linked.
The most severe of the dissociative diseases is dissociative identity disorder, sometimes known as multiple personality disorder. It frequently brings to mind unpleasant events from childhood. When a person has this illness, they may or may not be aware of each other’s alternative personas.
Depersonalization/Derealization disease induces a dream-like condition in which the sufferer feels cut off from both reality and themselves. Depersonalization involves a shift in one’s own viewpoint as well as a temporary loss or alteration of one’s perception of reality.
10.) What are phobias? If someone had an intense fear of snakes, could this simple phobia be a result of faulty learning? Analyse how this phobia could have developed.
You may have come across or heard about someone who was frightened to use a lift, ascend to the tenth story of a building, or enter a room if they spotted a lizard. You may have experienced it firsthand or witnessed a buddy who was unable to deliver a single word of a carefully prepared and practised speech in front of an audience. Phobias are the name given to certain sorts of anxieties. Persons who suffer from phobias have unreasonable worries relating to particular things, people, or circumstances. Phobias may start out as a generalised anxiety condition or slowly worsen over time.
Specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia are the three basic categories of phobias. The most prevalent kind of phobias are specific phobias. This category contains illogical phobias like a severe fear of a certain species or of being in a small place. Social anxiety disorder is characterised by intense, incapacitating dread and shame while interacting with people (social phobia). The word “agoraphobia” is used to describe the dread that people have of being in strange circumstances. Many agoraphobics are frightened to leave their homes. As a result, they have very limited capacity to do daily chores.
11.) Anxiety has been called the “butterflies in the stomach feeling”. At what stage does anxiety become a disorder? Discuss its types.
When we are anticipating a test, a dental appointment, or even a solo performance, we become anxious. This is anticipated and natural, and it even inspires us to do our work effectively. The most prevalent class of psychiatric illnesses, anxiety disorders are characterised by high levels of anxiety that are unpleasant and impair efficient functioning. We all worry and are afraid. A hazy, nebulous, extremely unpleasant sense of fear and trepidation is typically described as anxiety. Along with exhibiting combinations of the symptoms listed below, the anxious person may also experience rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, appetite loss, fainting, dizziness, perspiration, frequent urination, insomnia, and trembling.
1.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder: protracted, nebulous, unfounded, and strong anxieties with no object, coupled with hypervigilance and tightness in the muscles
2.) Panic Disorder: recurring panic attacks marked by emotions of overwhelming horror and dread; unexpected “panic episodes” accompanied by physiological symptoms such breathlessness, palpitations, shaking, disorientation, and a sense of losing control or even dying.
3.) Specific phobia: unreasonable anxieties about certain things, how you interact with other people, and strange circumstances.
4.) Separation Anxiety Disorder: Severe anxiety before or during separation from one’s home or other important individuals, to whom the person is extremely devoted.
5.) Other illnesses in this group include selective mutism, anxiety disorders brought on by drugs or alcohol, disorders of anxiety resulting from other medical conditions, etc.
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