NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Therapeutic Approaches
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Therapeutic Approaches: National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Solutions – Therapeutic Approaches.
Board |
NCERT |
Class |
12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
5 |
Chapter Name |
Therapeutic Approaches |
Topic |
Exercise Solutions |
Chapter 5. Therapeutic Approaches
Review Questions
1.) Describe the nature and scope of psychotherapy. Highlight the importance of therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy.
In psychotherapy, the patient, also known as the client, and the therapist, also known as the therapist, enter into a consensual partnership. The relationship’s goal is to assist the client in resolving any psychological issues they may be having.
Nature: The following qualities apply to all psychotherapy modalities:
There are two reasons why not everyone can perform psychotherapy: I there is a systematic application of the concepts underpinning the many theories of treatment, and
(ii) only people who have undergone practical training under professional supervision may do so. Untrained individuals could accidentally do more damage than good.
(iii)The therapeutic situation entails a therapist and a client who requests and receives assistance for emotional issues (this person is the focus of the therapeutic process), and
(iv) interaction between these two individuals (the therapist and the client) leads to the consolidation or formation of the therapeutic relationship. This relationship is dynamic, interpersonal, and private. Any type of psychiatric therapy relies on this personal connection as the catalyst for transformation.
Scope:
All forms of psychotherapy attempt to achieve some, if not all, of the following:
(i) Solidifying the client’s commitment to improvement.
(ii) Reducing the emotional strain.
(iii) Making positive progress toward potential.
(iv) Changing routines.
(v) Modifying thought patterns.
The development of self-awareness.
(vii) Increasing communication and interpersonal relationships.
Therapeutic Relationship
The therapeutic alliance or partnership refers to the unique bond that develops between the patient and the therapist. It is neither a brief acquaintance nor the start of a long-term partnership. A therapeutic relationship consists of two main parts. The first element is the contractual character of the partnership formed between two consenting parties—the client and the therapist—with the intention of assisting the client in resolving their issues. The restricted length of the therapy is the second element of the therapeutic partnership. This partnership continues until the client can handle her/his difficulties and take charge of her/his life.
The therapist interprets the client’s thoughts and feelings to her/him so that s/he can obtain an understanding of the same since psychodynamic treatment makes the assumption that the therapist knows the client’s intrapsychic conflicts better than the client. Behaviour therapy makes the assumption that the therapist can identify the client’s dysfunctional behaviour and mental processes. It also requires that the therapist is able to identify the behaviours and ways of thinking that the client would find adaptive. Both the psychodynamic and behaviour treatments make the assumption that the therapist is competent to resolve the issues of the client.
2.) What are the different types of psychotherapy? On what basis are they classified?
Although all psychotherapies strive to alleviate suffering and promote productive behaviour, there are significant conceptual, procedural, and methodological differences among them. Psychodynamic, behavioural, and existential psychotherapies are the three basic categories into which psychotherapies may be divided. The third force, sometimes known as existential treatments, arose last in terms of chronological order, coming after psychodynamic therapy and before behaviour therapy. The following criteria are used to categorise psychotherapies:
- What is the problem’s underlying cause?
According to psychodynamic treatment, psychological issues are caused by intrapsychic conflicts, or conflicts that exist inside the individual’s mind. Behavioral treatments claim that psychological issues result from incorrectly learned behaviours and cognitions. According to the existential treatments, psychological issues are brought on by doubts about the purpose of life and existence.
- Whence did the cause originate?
Intrapsychic conflicts are caused by unmet childhood aspirations and unmet childhood anxieties, according to psychodynamic treatment. The behaviour therapy holds that psychological issues are caused by maladaptive behaviours, which are in turn caused by flawed conditioning patterns, flawed learning, and flawed thinking and beliefs. The present is given priority in existential therapy. Psychological issues are brought on by present sentiments of emptiness, alienation, futility of existence, etc.
- What is the main form of therapy?
Free association and dream reporting are two techniques used in psychodynamic therapy to extract the client’s ideas and feelings. This information is provided to the client in order to assist her or him in facing and resolving disputes and overcoming issues. In order to change behaviour, behaviour therapy analyses the incorrect conditioning patterns and creates alternative behavioural consequences. To assist the client in overcoming psychological discomfort, this style of therapy uses cognitive strategies that challenge the client’s flawed thought processes. Positive, welcoming, and nonjudgmental therapeutic atmosphere is provided through existential therapy. The therapist serves as a facilitator while the client is allowed to discuss their issues.
- How is the therapeutic alliance between the patient and the therapist structured?
The therapist interprets the client’s thoughts and feelings to her/him so that s/he can obtain an understanding of the same since psychodynamic treatment makes the assumption that the therapist knows the client’s intrapsychic conflicts better than the client. The behaviour therapy makes the assumption that the therapist can identify the client’s dysfunctional behaviour and mental processes. It also requires that the therapist is able to identify the behaviours and ways of thinking that the client would find adaptive. Both the psychodynamic and behaviour treatments make the assumption that the therapist is competent to resolve the issues of the client.
- What is the client’s main advantage?
In psychodynamic therapy, the client’s key takeaway from treatment is emotional understanding. When a client has an intellectual understanding of their issues, is able to accept them emotionally, and is able to modify their emotional responses to the conflicts, they are said to have emotional insight. This emotional awareness causes the client’s symptoms and distresses to lessen. The main advantage of treatment, according to behaviour therapy, is transforming dysfunctional behaviour and cognitive patterns to healthy ones. Reducing distress and getting rid of symptoms is ensured by adopting adaptive or healthy behaviour and mental patterns. The main advantage of humanistic treatment is personal development. The process of being becoming more aware of one’s goals, desires, and feelings is known as personal growth.
- How long will the therapy last?
The process of traditional psychoanalysis might last for several years. However, some more modern iterations of psychodynamic treatments take only 10 to 15 sessions to complete. Existential treatments, behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies, and these can all be finished in a few months.
3.) A therapist asks the client to reveal all her/his thoughts including early childhood experiences. Describe the technique and type of therapy being used.
The initial stage in treatment is to elicit this intrapsychic conflict since the psychoanalytic method believes that intrapsychic conflicts are the root of psychiatric disease. Free association and dream interpretation are two crucial techniques developed by psychoanalysis to unearth the intrapsychic conflicts. The primary technique for comprehending the client’s difficulties is the free association method. The therapist advises the client to lie down on the sofa, close her or his eyes, and talk whatever comes to mind without in any way limiting it after establishing a therapeutic relationship and making the client feel at ease. The free association approach is one in which the client is encouraged to freely connect one notion to another.
As the client speaks freely in a pleasant and trusting environment, the censoring superego and the on-guard ego are kept in check. As long as the therapist doesn’t interject, the ego-suppressed thoughts, wants, and conflicts from the unconscious can freely flow into the conscious consciousness. The client’s open, unrestricted verbal narrative serves as the therapist’s window into the client’s unconscious.
In addition to this method, the client is instructed to record his or her dreams as soon as they occur. Psychoanalysts view dreams as representations of the unmet aspirations found in the unconscious. Dream images are symbols that represent intrapsychic energies. Dreams employ symbols because they are subliminal expressions that do not trigger the ego. If the unmet wants are directly voiced, the ever-watchful ego will repress them, which can cause worry. According to a widely established translation norm, these symbols are understood to represent unmet wishes and conflicts.
4.) Discuss the various techniques used in behaviour therapy.
There are several methods for altering behaviour. The basic tenets of these strategies include lowering the client’s level of arousal, changing behaviour through classical conditioning or operant conditioning with various reward contexts, and, if appropriate, using vicarious learning techniques.
The two main methods of behaviour modification are aversive conditioning and negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is provided by responses that help organisms get rid of unpleasant stimuli or avoid and flee from them. For instance, one learns how to escape the uncomfortable cold weather by wearing woollen clothing, burning firewood, or using electric heaters. Because they offer unfavourable reinforcement, harmful stimuli teach people to avoid them.
Aversive conditioning is the process of repeatedly connecting an undesirable reaction with a negative outcome. An alcoholic may be asked to smell alcohol after receiving a little electric shock, for instance. As the discomfort of the shock becomes connected with it after several pairings, the scent of alcohol becomes unpleasant, and the individual stops drinking.
Positive reinforcement is used to augment the deficit when an adapted behaviour only sometimes happens. For instance, if a youngster consistently skips homework, the mother of the child may utilise positive reinforcement by making the child’s favourite meal if schoolwork is completed on time. The use of food as a reward will encourage students to complete their assignments at the designated time.
Every time a desired behaviour is exhibited, people with behavioural issues might receive a token as a reward. A reward, such as a trip for the ill or a gift for the kid, is obtained by collecting the tokens. The token economy is this. Through differential reinforcement, unwanted behaviour may be decreased while desired behaviour is enhanced. One such technique would involve simultaneously providing positive reinforcement for desired behaviour and negative reinforcement for undesirable behaviour.
The alternative strategy is to disregard the undesirable behaviour while encouraging the desired behaviour. The other approach is similarly successful while being less unpleasant. Consider the scenario of a girl who pouts and sobs when she is not taken to the movie, for instance. If the child does not scream or pout, the parent is ordered to take her to the movies; nevertheless, if she does, they are not to be taken. The parent is also told to disregard the girl’s crying and tantrums. The desired behaviour of requesting nicely to be driven to the movies rises, whereas the undesirable behaviour of sobbing and wailing falls.
Wolpe developed the method of systematic desensitisation for the treatment of phobias and unfounded anxieties. A fear-provoking circumstance is elicited from the client during an interview, and the therapist then creates a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom. The client is made comfortable by the therapist, who then asks them to consider their least anxious scenario. If even the tiniest stress is detected, the client is instructed to cease thinking about the terrifying circumstance. Over the course of the sessions, the client gains the ability to relax despite imagining circumstances that are increasingly terrifying. The client gradually becomes less sensitive to the dread. Here, the reciprocal inhibition principle is at play. According to this theory, the weaker force is inhibited when two forces that are mutually antagonistic are present. Thus, the moderately triggering sight is envisioned while the relaxation response is initially built up, and the anxiety is then subdued. Due to her/his calm condition, the client is able to bear steadily increasing degrees of anxiety.
By seeing the behaviour of a role model or the therapist who first serves as the role model, the client learns how to behave in a certain way through the process known as modelling. Through a process of rewarding little changes in behaviour, the client progressively learns to adopt the behaviour of the model. This is known as vicarious learning, or learning by seeing others.
In case you are missed :- Previous Chapter Solution
5.) Explain with the help of an example how cognitive distortions take place.
Cognitive distortions are modes of thinking that are universal in nature yet negatively alter reality. Dysfunctional cognitive structures are what we refer to as these thinking processes. They cause cognitive mistakes related to social reality.
According to Aaron Beck’s theory of psychological distress marked by anxiety or depression, early experiences from the family and society shape an individual’s basic schemas or systems, which comprise beliefs and behavioural patterns. As a result, a client who experienced parental neglect as a youngster forms the basic schema “I am not desired.” A key episode happens in her or his life at some point in their lifetime. The teacher openly mocks the student in front of the class. This significant event sets off the basic schema “I am not desired,” which results in the emergence of unfavourable automatic beliefs. Negative thoughts include persistent, unreasonable beliefs that you are unlovable, unattractive, foolish, or that you will fail. Cognitive distortions are the hallmark of such negative automatic thinking.
The recurrence of these ideas causes anxiety and depressive symptoms to emerge. The therapist asks probing questions, which are moderate, non-threatening challenges to the client’s ideas and beliefs. The client is forced to think in a way that is different from the negative automatic thoughts as a result of the questions, and as a result, develops an understanding of the nature of her or his dysfunctional schemas and is able to change her or his cognitive structures. The purpose of therapy is to accomplish this cognitive re organisation, which lowers anxiety and depressive symptoms.
6.) Which therapy encourages the client to seek personal growth and actualise their potential? Write about the therapies which are based on this principle.
According to the humanistic-existential treatments, psychological discomfort is a result of emotions of isolation and alienation as well as a failure to find true purpose and fulfilment in life. Humans are driven by a need to develop emotionally as well as a goal for personal development and self-actualization. Humans go through psychological anguish when these demands aren’t met by society and family.
In order to achieve complexity and balance without being fragmented, self-actualization is described as an intrinsic or inborn force that drives a person to become more complex, balanced, and integrated. Integrated refers to a sense of wholeness, being a full person, and remaining essentially the same person while having a range of experiences. Frustration with self-actualization creates suffering in the same way as a lack of food or water does.
When the patient is able to recognise and overcome the barriers to self-actualization in her or his life, healing takes place. Free emotional expression is necessary for self-actualization. Emotional expression is restricted by the family and society since it is thought that allowing one’s emotions to run wild might cause society’s fabric to tear itself apart. This curb impedes the process of emotional integration, which results in harmful behaviour and bad feelings. As a result, the treatment fosters an environment that allows for the client’s emotions to be freely expressed and in which complexity, balance, and integration may be attained. The client’s freedom and responsibility to manage her or his own behaviour are the key presumptions. The therapist only serves as an organiser and mentor. The client is in charge of making treatment successful. The basic objective of therapy is to make the patient more conscious. The first stage in the healing process is to comprehend the unique personal experience that the client has by themselves. The client begins the self-improvement process that results in recovery.
7.) What are the factors that contribute to healing in psychotherapy? Enumerate someof the alternative therapies.
Psychological suffering is treated via psychotherapy. The healing process is influenced by a variety of factors. A couple of these components are:
1.) The therapist’s skills and how they are used with the patient or client have a significant role in the healing process. Relaxation techniques and cognitive retraining play a significant role in the recovery of an anxious client when the behavioural system and CBT school are used.
2.) Because of the therapist’s constant availability and the warmth and empathy offered to the patient/client, the therapeutic connection that forms between them has healing potential.
3.) The patient or client releases the emotional baggage they are carrying at the beginning of treatment while being questioned in the first sessions to determine the source of the issue. Catharsis, the process of releasing emotional burdens, provides therapeutic benefits.
4.) A number of general elements are connected to psychotherapy. Some of these elements are the responsibility of the client or patient, while others are the therapist’s. These variables are referred regarded be non-specific since they apply to many psychotherapy delivery systems, patients, clients, and therapists. The client’s or patient’s desire for change, anticipation of progress as a result of the therapy, etc., are non-specific elements attributed to them. Patient variables are what they are. The therapist’s pleasant character, lack of unresolved emotional issues, state of excellent mental health, etc. are non-specific aspects that can be attributed to them. The therapist factors are those.
Alternative Therapies
The reason alternative therapies are thus named is that they provide other therapeutic options than traditional medication therapy or psychotherapy. Alternative therapies include things like yoga, meditation, acupuncture, herbal treatments, and more. Yoga and meditation have become more widely used as psychological distress therapy programmes during the past 25 years.In the Ashtanga Yoga in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, an ancient Indian method known as yoga is described in depth. The term “yoga” as it is used today either alludes to the physical poses known as asanas or body postures, to breathing techniques known as pranayama, or to a mix of the two. Focusing attention on the breath, an object, a concept, or a mantra is referred to as meditation. Here, the emphasis is on. There is no fixed object or concept to retain the attention in vipassana meditation, often referred to as mindfulness-based meditation. The individual examines inactively the numerous body sensations and ideas that are occurring in their consciousness.
8.) What are the techniques used in the rehabilitation of the mentally ill?
Reducing symptoms and raising functionality or quality of life are the two main goals of treating psychiatric diseases. Reduction of symptoms is linked to an increase in quality of life in the case of milder diseases such as generalised anxiety, reactive depression, or phobia. The quality of life may not necessarily improve even though symptoms may lessen in those with severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Negative symptoms including boredom and a lack of enthusiasm to work or engage with others are common among sufferers. Such patients need rehabilitation in order to become independent. The goal of rehabilitation is to enable the patient to contribute as much as they can to society as productive members.Patients who are in need of rehabilitation get occupational treatment, social skills instruction, and vocational therapy. In occupational therapy, patients are taught crafts like weaving, creating paper bags, and manufacturing candles to help them develop a work ethic. Through role-playing, imitation, and teaching, social skills training aids in the development of interpersonal skills in the patients. Teaching the sufferer how to interact socially is the goal. The core cognitive abilities of attention, memory and executive function are improved by cognitive retraining. Once the patient has made enough progress, vocational training is provided to assist the patient to develop the skills needed to find gainful employment.
9.) How would a social learning theorist account for a phobic fear of lizards/cockroaches? How would a psychoanalyst account for the same phobia?
Behavioural treatments contend that dysfunctional thinking or behaviour patterns are the root cause of psychological discomfort. Therefore, it is concentrated on the client’s current actions and ideas. Only inasmuch as the causes of bad behaviour and cognitive processes are understood can the past be useful. No one is reliving or activating the past. In the moment, only the flawed patterns are fixed.
Social learning theories contend that all of our experiences, both good and bad, including phobias of lizards and cockroaches, are the outcome of ongoing learning processes. Young children can play with snakes since they are not yet aware of the risk. Parents and society instil in youngsters a dread of these things as they get older, which is reinforced and accounts for reactions like phobia. For young children, it is just another toy.
The initial stage in treatment is to elicit this intrapsychic conflict since the psychoanalytic method believes that intrapsychic conflicts are the root of psychiatric disease. The same could be connected to specific unconscious or/and repressed events in a psychoanalytical interpretation. Consider the scenario when a little child witnessed some violent guys torture an insect or snake to death. After a few days, the event could have faded from your recollection, but it might have remained in the back of your mind ever since. This might be the reason for your dread of cockroaches, which can make you uncomfortable by conjuring up terrible memories of the incident.
10.) Should Electro-convulsive Therapy (ECT) be used in the treatment of mental disorders?
Biomedical treatment includes electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). The patient’s brain receives a gentle electric shock through electrodes to cause convulsions. Only when it is vital for the patient’s improvement would the psychiatrist shock the patient. ECT is not a standard treatment and is only used when other medications fail to control the patient’s symptoms.
Psychological illnesses may be treated with medications. Psychiatrists are licenced medical practitioners who specialise in prescribing medications to treat mental problems.They are medical professionals who have focused on comprehending, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses. The pharmaceuticals that are utilised are determined by the types of ailments. Antipsychotic medications are necessary for the treatment of severe mental illnesses including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Drugs used to treat mental health concerns have adverse effects that must be addressed and closely monitored. Even routinely used medicines to get “high” at a party or remain awake while preparing for exams have negative side effects. These medications affect both the body and the psyche, and they have the potential to lead to addiction.
11.) What kind of problems is cognitive behaviour therapy best suited for?
Currently, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is the most widely used therapy (CBT). CBT is a quick and successful treatment for a variety of psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, panic attacks, borderline personality disorder, and others, according to research on the outcomes and efficacy of psychotherapy. To define psychopathology, CBT takes a biopsychosocial stance.
It blends behavioural approaches with cognitive therapy. The justification for this is that the client’s distress has biological, psychological, and social roots. Therefore, CBT is a comprehensive technique that is simple to use, applicable to a variety of disorders, and has demonstrated efficacy by addressing the biological aspects through relaxation procedures, the psychological ones through behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy techniques, and the social ones through environmental manipulations.
In case you are missed :- Next Chapter Solution
For more updates follow our – net explanations homepage