Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 2 – Intelligence
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 2: Intelligence. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 12 get here Intelligence full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
2 |
Chapter name |
Intelligence |
Q.1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements :
1.) ………….…….. has given formula of I.Q.
a.) Binet b. Stern c. Wechsler
Ans: Stern has given formula of I.Q.
2.) ……………. has given the concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
a.) Cattell b. Thorndike c. Salovey
Ans: Cattell has given the concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
3.) …………… is an individual test of intelligence
a.) Army Alpha Test b. Army Beta Test c. Block Building Test
Ans: Block Building Test is an individual test of intelligence.
Q.2. State whether the following statements are true or false :
(1) Verbal tests of intelligence can be given easily to illiterate people.
Ans: False
(2) It is possible to increase emotional intelligence.
Ans: True
(3) There are certain limitations to Artificial Intelligence.
Ans: True
(4) Group tests of intelligence are less expensive.
Ans: True
Q.3. Answer the following in one sentence each:
(1) What is meant by intelligence?
David Wechsler describes intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.’
(2) Who is considered as the father of intelligence test?
Alfred Binet is considered as the father of intelligence test.
(3) What is meant by verbal tests of intelligence?
Verbal tests of intelligence are used to measure intellect via the use of language (words or figures).
(4) What is meant by individual test of intelligence?
Individual tests of intelligence are intelligence tests that can be given to a single person at a time.
Q.4. Define the following concepts :
(1) Mental age
Alfred Binet first proposed the idea of mental age. He believed that age need not always be correlated with mental growth. He created a test with objects tailored for various age groups, and it assessed people’s mental ages. The age at which a person effectively answers every question on a test designed for that age is known as mental age.
(2) Social intelligence
The phrase “social intelligence” was initially put out in 1920 by E.L. Thorndike, a psychologist from Columbia University. In his multiple intelligence theory, Howard Gardner mentioned “inter personal intelligence.” Karl Albrecht defines social intelligence as “the ability to get along well with others, and to get them to cooperate with oneself.”
(3) Emotional intelligence
The phrase “emotional intelligence” was initially coined by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. Emotional intelligence became widely accepted in 1995 because to Daniel Goleman.
Emotional intelligence was characterised by researchers like John Mayer and Peter Salovey as the “capacity to notice and monitor one’s own and others’ emotions, to distinguish among them, and to utilise this knowledge to guide one’s thinking and behaviour.”
Q.5. Write short notes on the following :
(1) Intelligence Quotient
German psychologist William Stern first proposed the idea of intelligence quotient (I.Q.) in 1912 as a ratio of mental age (M.A.) to chronological age (C.A.). Stern used the formula to determine I.Q. Subsequently, Terman improved the I.Q. calculation by increasing the M.A./C.A. ratio by 100. The following is the formula:
Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) = (Mental Age (M.A.) / (Chronological Age (C.A.) X 10
(2) Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence
With the aid of a statistical technique known as factor analysis, Charles Spearman isolated and discovered two distinct elements of intelligence in 1927: (1) General factor (g) and (2) Particular factor (s). He claims that the general component is the minimal level of proficiency needed to perform daily tasks. As opposed to general factors, specific factors include skills needed to handle challenges in certain fields.
Also See: Psychology : A Scientific Discipline Chapter Solution
(3) Verbal tests of intelligence
Verbal tests of intelligence are used to measure intellect via the use of language (words or figures).
Benefits of verbal intelligence tests:
1.) Verbal intelligence tests are excellent for assessing higher mental talents.
2.) Verbal intelligence tests are helpful in identifying those with above average intellect from those with average intelligence.
The following are drawbacks of verbal intelligence tests:
1.) Those from non-English-speaking backgrounds, illiterate individuals, and young children cannot take these examinations.
2.) These exams can’t be applied in cultures other than their own since they are culturally specific.
(4) Non-verbal tests of intelligence
Non-verbal tests of intelligence are ones that gauge a person’s intelligence via the use of images, designs, tangible items, etc. These exams do not assess intellect through language.There is no requirement for vocal responses to test items in these tests.
Performance exams and paper-pencil tests are the two categories of non-verbal assessments. Some examples of performance tests for non-verbal intelligence tests are the Koh’s Block Design Test, the Alexander Pass-Along Test, the Merril Palmer Block Building Test, the Non-Verbal Test of Intelligence developed by Dr. Bhatia, etc. Some illustrations of paper and pencil non-verbal intelligence tests are Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices, etc.
(5) Artificial Intelligence
With the help of artificial intelligence, robots and the software that controls them may think and gain knowledge from their experiences in a manner similar to that of a person. Computer science, algorithmic theory, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology are all combined in the topic of artificial intelligence research.
An invention produced by human intellect is artificial intelligence. Human intellect is mostly unrestricted, but artificial intelligence has certain restrictions.
Q.6. Answer the following questions with the help of the given points :
(1) Write in brief about individual tests of intelligence (i) Meaning (ii) Advantages (iii) Disadvantages
Meaning:
Individual tests of intelligence are intelligence assessments that are given to a single person at a time. Individual intelligence tests include the Wechsler Scale of Intelligence, the Arthur Point Scale, the Koh’s Block Design, the Binet’s Scale of Intelligence, the Dr. Bhatia Performance Test of Intelligence, and others.
Advantages:
1.) Assembling a relationship with a customer is one of the test administrator’s abilities.
2.) The client’s emotions, attitudes, and facial expressions can be recorded for the test administrator to see.
3.) Compared to group testing, individual testing is better equipped to gauge creative thinking.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
2.) To conduct, assess, and interpret individual examinations, an examiner must be qualified and experienced.
(2) Write in brief about group tests of intelligence (i) Meaning (ii) Advantages (iii) Disadvantages
Meaning:
Group tests of intelligence are tests of intellect that may be given to several people at once. In order to fill the army with a high number of men during the First World War, intelligence tests for groups were developed. Mass testing is when group tests are most beneficial.
Advantages:
1.) Group testing requires less time and money.
2.) The examiner has a very small part in administering group tests. He won’t need to receive any specialist training as a result.
Disadvantages:
1.) The test administrator has considerably less chance to connect with the participants, get their cooperation, and keep their attention.
2.) Group tests fall short of gauging the creative side of intelligence when compared to individual assessments.
Q.7. Answer the following questions in detail:
(1) Write in detail about the history of intelligence testing.
One of the first scientists to consider measuring intelligence was Sir Francis Galton, followed by Paul Broca. Sir Francis Galton conducted a series of tests in the middle of the 1880s that measured things like head size, response speed, visual acuity, hearing threshold, breathing capacity, etc. He believed he could gauge intellect by the size of the human head. He believed that the bigger a person’s cranium, the smarter they were. The Sir Francis Galton exam, however, did not seem to be very effective in assessing intellect.
An assistant in Sir Francis Galton’s lab named Raymond Cattell set up comparable labs in the United States in the early 1890s. In the psychological literature, Raymond Cattell coined the phrase “mental test” during this period. Sir Francis Galton believed that sensory activities were the best way to assess intelligence, and Raymond Cattell elaborated on this notion by stressing the need for uniform test administration to ensure that findings are similar across time and between individuals.
The school officials in Paris were very curious to learn the causes of some pupils’ frequent failures in exams at the start of the 20th century because there was no evidence linking their failure to any underlying medical conditions or environmental factors. The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale was created as a consequence. The first scale of intelligence was created in 1905 by Alfred Binet in cooperation with French psychologist Theodore Simon. Hence, Alfred Binet is regarded as the “Father of IQ Test.”Logic, detecting rhymes in words, and item naming are some of the components of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. In 1908 and 1911, this scale underwent revisions.
The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale was updated in 1916 by Lewis Terman of Stanford University. He changed a few things, added some things, created new age standards, and raised the highest age limit of the scale. The new exam was called the Stanford Binet Test. In 1937, 1960, 1972, 1986, and 2004 this test was changed.
1914 saw the start of the First World War. Robert Yerks created the Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence examinations later in 1917 with the aid of his coworkers. While recruiting recruits for the army, several tests of intellect were utilised. Testing for IQ became more significant following the First World War. The Army General Classification Exam, a type of intelligence assessment, was widely utilised in 1939, during the Second World War, while recruiting recruits for the army.
The Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence Scale was published by David Wechsler in 1939. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is the new name for this instrument, which underwent revision in 1955. (WAIS). The WAIS exam was created to gauge the intellect of adults and older adolescents. Karl Pearson introduced the fourth iteration of this exam, the WAIS-IV, in 2008. The IQ of children was also measured via a test that David Wechsler created. It is called the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
(2) ‘Intelligence testing has a wide usage in various areas’. Justify withexamples.
The desire to understand individual variations led to the development of IQ testing. These days, intelligence testing is used in a wide range of settings, including educational institutions, child guidance centres, businesses, recruiting centres, diagnostic centres, etc. The following are some situations in which IQ testing is beneficial.
1.) Effective education: The intelligence tests allow teachers and other authorities to identify the academically behind-the-curve pupils and address their issues. Teachers can group students into various intellectual categories based on the results of periodic tests, aid them by creating custom lesson plans tailored to their mental growth, and accelerate their progress towards reaching the required level of development.
2.) Intelligence tests help with mental health by allowing therapists to gauge their patients’ intellectual capacities. Clinicians can use intelligence tests to aid with diagnosis, make prognostications, and choose the best treatment or rehabilitation options.
3.) Smart parenting: Knowing their children’s intellectual capacities is made possible by intelligence testing for parents. Having reasonable expectations for their children and providing them with the necessary educational resources are made possible by parents with high IQ scores.
4.) Career counselling: Using the results of intelligence testing, students can choose a path of study that best suits their intellectual needs. By doing so, the chances of success are increased while difficulties with failure, time and money waste, etc. are reduced.
5.) Vocational counselling: Those who take intelligence tests receive assistance in selecting the right career. By doing so, the likelihood of leading a contented and happy life is increased and problems like absenteeism, work discontent, etc. are reduced.
(3) Explain the characteristics of people having high social intelligence.
The phrase “social intelligence” was initially put out in 1920 by E.L. Thorndike, a psychologist from Columbia University. In his multiple intelligence theory, Howard Gardner mentioned “inter personal intelligence.” Karl Albrecht defines social intelligence as “the ability to get along well with others, and to get them to cooperate with oneself.”
High social IQ individuals exhibit a variety of traits, including the following:
(1) They have strong social skills and are adept at communicating with others.
(2) While conversing with others, they are able to keep an eye on both their verbal and nonverbal cues.
(3) Both of them have strong communication skills.
(4) They possess the ability to discern others’ feelings, intentions, motives, and desires.
They are proficient at understanding social dynamics.
They can interact with people in a variety of ways because they are adaptable.
(7) They have a strong sense of self-worth and are goal-oriented.
They have the capacity to settle disputes in social settings.
(9). They are adept negotiators.
(10) They improve communication with people in both personal and professional settings.