Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 1 – Psychology : A Scientific Discipline
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 1: Psychology : A Scientific Discipline. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 12 get here Psychology : A Scientific Discipline full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
1 |
Chapter name |
Psychology : A Scientific Discipline |
Q.1.) Choose the correct option and Complete the following statements :
(1) Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ……
- physics b. philosophy c. physiology
Answer:
(b) philosophy
(2) Psychology is a …………….. science.
- natural b. social c. biological
Answer:
(b) social
(3) …………is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis.
- Wilhelm Wundt b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud
Answer:
(c) Sigmund Freud
Q.2. Match the Pairs :
Group A | Group B |
(1) Structuralism | (a) John Watson |
(2) Functionalism | (b) Carl Rogers |
(3) Behaviourism | (c) Ulric Neisser |
(4) Cognitivism | (d) William James |
(e) Wilhelm Wundt | |
Solution: | |
Group A | Group B |
(1) Structuralism | (e) Wilhelm Wundt |
(2) Functionalism | (d) William James |
(3) Behaviourism | (a) John Watson |
(4) Cognitivism | (c) Ulric Neisser |
Q.3. State whether the following statements are true or false :
(1) Psychology is a study of mental processes.
Answer:
True
(2) Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists.
Answer:
True
(3) An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted.
Answer:
False
Q.4. Answer the following in one sentence each :
(1) In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?
Ans: The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
(2) Who is considered as the ‘Father of American Psychology’?
Ans: William James is considered the ‘Father of American Psychology’.
(3) What is meant by an experimenter?
Ans: The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.
Q.5. Define the following concepts :
(1) Replicability
In order to check a study’s validity, it is possible to duplicate the study or its conclusions.
(2) Correlation coefficient
The correlation coefficient evaluates how closely two variables are correlated.Every correlation coefficient has a value between -1.00 and +1.00. A correlation coefficient’s sign (+ or -) shows the direction of the link between the variables.
Q.6. Write short notes on the following :
(1) Observation method
In situations where experiments are not possible, the observation technique of study is particularly helpful. It is a technique for observing behaviour in an uncontrolled environment or a lab. Natural observation and controlled observation are two different types of observation that are both performed in settings that are natural.
Psychologists who work with children, clinical psychologists, social psychologists, etc. frequently employ the observation approach. When employed with the specific goal of the study and prepared in a methodical fashion, observational methods may be considered scientific approaches and are advantageous.
(2) Survey method
A survey is described as a research technique used to gather information from a pre-selected set of respondents (sample) in order to learn more and obtain new perspectives on a range of interesting subjects, such as political opinion, consumer preferences, etc. In order to gather the necessary data, survey methods include questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, inventories, interviews, etc. Social psychologists, educational psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. frequently employ the survey approach.
The survey method is a cost-effective and effective way to gather data. Surveys can be conducted by email, phone calls, or by speaking with respondents directly.
(3) Case study method
One of the qualitative research techniques used in psychology is the case study. The majority of clinical psychologists employ this technique. Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud were the two key individuals who popularised the case study technique. A case study is a comprehensive examination of a person, a team, or a specific incident. A case study may be thought of as a scientific approach since it offers rich descriptive information and frequently suggests research hypotheses.
While using the case study approach, a researcher gathers data about a specific person (the case) from a variety of sources, including classmates, instructors, parents, and coworkers, in order to evaluate the person’s present level of psychological functioning. By adopting the case study approach, a researcher may employ a number of procedures, such as interviewing, psychological testing, and observation, to gather data about a specific person.
(4) Importance of rationality
While discussing rationality, Stanovich and his colleagues said that “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, one of the most successful and well-liked intervention techniques in the field of counselling psychology, was introduced by Dr. Albert Ellis. He also provided guidelines for reasonable behaviour. Moreover, he asserts that reasonable individuals have a specific personality and are mentally well.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, adopting rationalism as a personal philosophy enables one to achieve a variety of objectives in life and find happiness. A person has to BE RATIONAL in order to be joyful.
Q.7. Answer the following questions in detail:
(1) Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology.
One of the most scientific methods for examining behaviour is the experimental method. It is the methodology that has elevated psychology to the level of a science. In an experiment, the experimenter performs the procedures listed below: 1. Identifying the issue 2, forming a hypothesis 3. Choosing an experimental strategy and standardising the experiment’s methodology 4. Doing an experiment and gathering data. 5. Data evaluation 6. Coming to judgements.
The following explanations provide some key characteristics of experimental methodology: 1. One of the most impartial methods of data collection is the experimental approach. 2. It permits precise observations under regulated circumstances. 3. The use of an experimental approach can be used to determine the causal connection between two or more variables. 4. The experimental method’s results may be independently verified.
(2) Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science.
Although being viewed as a scientific field, psychology is fraught with disagreements. Psychology has been the subject of debates and criticisms on theoretical, practical, ethical, and philosophical grounds. The difficulties in establishing psychology as a science include the following disagreements and criticisms:
1.) Psychology before the advent of paradigms: In contrast to mature and natural disciplines such as physics and chemistry, psychology is younger and a social science. Although being regarded as a science, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic phase, according to philosopher Thomas Kuhn. Psychology has not yet been able to produce a body of knowledge that is cumulative, has a distinct conceptual core, and is consequently accepted by psychologists.
2.) Problems with objectivity and validity: Certain branches of psychology, including personality, leadership, creativity, emotions, attitudes, etc., rely on “soft” research techniques, such surveys and questionnaires, etc. Inherently subjective techniques include introspection and psychoanalysis. As a result, psychology does not always meet the standards for impartiality and validity.
3.) Problems with predictability and replication Predicting behaviour by comprehending its causes is one of psychology’s main objectives. As people react differently in various circumstances, it can be challenging to make precise predictions in psychology. Particles and chemical molecules are easier to investigate than human behaviour. As a result, test findings in psychology are more inconsistent, challenging to regulate, and inconsistent to repeat.
4) Several humanistic psychologists in the area criticise the profession for “objectifying” people by conducting experiments on their behaviour. Psychology is occasionally accused of demeaning the most fundamental aspects of what it means to be human since it treats people like things, as objects that can be studied via experiments.
(3) Explain some of the characteristics of a rational individual.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, sensible individuals have a specific personality and are mentally healthy. Some of them are disclosed beforehand:
1.) Recognizing self-interest and social interest: The motto of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy is something akin to “Safeguard your self-interest and know others interest.” Rational individuals are aware of their own interests and what will help them advance, and they accept responsibility for the decisions they make. Yet, they also take care to respect the rights of others and to contribute to the survival of the society in which they live.
2.) Self-direction: Rather than expecting or needing excessive assistance or nurturing from others, rational beings take main responsibility for their own lives.
3.) Tolerance: Reasonable individuals are very tolerant. Tolerance is the readiness to tolerate another person’s conduct and ideas that differ from one’s own. In a similar vein, intelligent individuals concede that both themselves and others may be mistaken.
4.) Flexibility: It has been established that rational people are healthy people. Those that are rational often have open minds and are objective in their decisions. 5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility: Rational individuals accept themselves without conditions rather than rating or proving themselves, and they also take ownership of their own thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and actions.
(4) Explain the types of correlation.
Three different correlations can be found:
1.) Positive correlation: Two variables are considered to have a positive correlation when they both either rise or decrease at the same time. If there is a positive connection, the correlation value is determined to be between 0.00 and +1.00. For instance, the recall score and the quantity of rehearsal.
2.) A negative correlation: A negative correlation exists between two variables when an increase in one is accompanied by a drop in the other and vice versa.
If there is a negative correlation, the correlation value is determined to be between 0.00 and -1.00. For instance, the quantity of exercise and the degree of body fat.
3.) A zero correlation is present when there is no discernible change in one variable as a result of any change in the other. When there is no association, the correlation coefficient is found to be zero. height and intellect, as an example.
(5) Explain the key features of science.
The Latin word “scientia,” which meaning “knowing,” is the source of the English term “science.” Science is the methodical exploration and execution of knowledge and comprehension of the natural and social world. It is based on empirical data. Some essential characteristics of science include the following:
1.) Empirical evidence: Science is an approach to studying and interpreting data that is based on empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is knowledge that has been obtained by direct observation or experimentation. Verifiable evidence is the foundation of scientific knowledge, allowing future observers and researchers to accurately see and quantify the same phenomenon.
2.) Objectivity: Science investigates the subject under investigation in an objective manner. The ability to perceive and accept the facts as they are, rather than how the investigator may wish they were, is known as objectivity. Being objective involves putting aside any biases, preconceptions, opinions, wants, values, preferences, etc. when looking into a certain topic.
3.) Scientific causality: Science seeks to understand the causes of the variables it is examining. To determine how the independent variable (cause) affects the dependant variable, a researcher in a scientific study attempts to control all other factors (effect).
4.) Systematic investigation: Science employs a specific sequential process for examining a certain phenomena. Sequential technique is a scientific approach that involves a few phases, such as issue identification, hypothesis development, fact gathering, fact analysis, generalisation, and prediction.
5.) Replication: Refers to the ability of scientific information to be repeated under the identical conditions mentioned wherever and anytime. Replication helps establish a scientific hypothesis and ensures the validity of data.
6.) Predictability: Science relies heavily on predictability. Scientists strive to explain the events they are studying as well as offer predictions based on their understanding.
Q.8. How Rational Am I ?
(1) Identify the strongest and the weakestcharacteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis.
Tolerance is the quality I value the most. I am aware that each person is unique. I thus accept other people’s viewpoints, even if they differ greatly from mine. I never try to force my opinions, sentiments, or ideas on others and am always open to hearing what others have to say. I don’t label someone as “wrong” just because their ideals conflict with mine in terms of thinking and doing.
My extreme reliance on my close companions and relatives is my weakest trait. I think that sometimes I rely a bit too much on them for affection and support. I believe that in order to develop personally, I must become more independent.
(2) How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies.
I can utilise the following two methods to increase my life’s flexibility: Adopt an objective viewpoint and think without bias. 2. Using concentration and relaxation techniques.