Maharashtra Board Class 11 Psychology Solution Chapter 4 – Human Development
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 Psychology Solution Chapter 4: Human Development. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Human Development full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
4 |
Chapter name |
Human Development |
1. (A) Complete the following statements
1.)The rate of development in each stage is ____________
a.) same
b.) different
c.) slow
Answer:
b.) different
2.) Developmental changes occur in ____________ pattern.
a.) predictable
b.) unpredictable
c.) uncertain
Answer:
a.) predictable
3.)The period between conception to birth is called ____________
a.) post-natal
b.) perinatal
c.) prenatal
Answer:
c.) prenatal
4.)____________ period is also known as the period of identity crisis.
a.) Childhood
b.) Middle age
c.) Adolescence
Answer:
c.) Adolescence
(B) Match the following pairs.
A | B |
1. Early childhood | a. A single fertilized cell |
2. Adolescence | b. From the second week to two years after birth |
3. Infancy | c. Age of questioning |
4. Zygote | d. Adjusting to the new environment after birth |
5. Neonatal period | e. Storm and stress |
Answer:
A | B |
1. Early childhood | c. Age of questioning |
2. Adolescence | e. Storm and stress |
3. Infancy | b. From the second week to two years after birth |
4. Zygote | a. A single fertilized cell |
5. Neonatal period | d. Adjusting to the new environment after birth |
(C) State whether the following statements are true or false.
1.) Development has a specific and continuous pattern.
Answer:
True
2.) Development proceeds from specific to general.
Answer:
False
3.) Development proceeds from dependency to independence.
Answer:
True
4.) All the changes in an individual are due to development.
Answer:
False
(D) Identify the odd item from the following.
1.) Zygote, Neonate, Embryo, Foetus
Answer:
Neonate
2.) Early childhood, Neonate, Foetus, Infancy
Answers:
Foetus
2. Explain the following concepts.
1.) Explain characteristics of human development.
Answer:
The following are the traits of human development:
i.) Development has a certain pattern:
Humans undergo a precise pattern and sequence of development during the prenatal and postnatal phases, similar to other animals. The sequence or pattern won’t change even if they neglect a certain step. The precise pattern is also seen in the evolution of behaviour. Additionally, sexual development begins at a certain age.
ii.) Development takes place in a specific direction: The two principles of development—the cephalocaudal principle (development moves from the head to the toe) and the proximodistal principle (development moves from the centre of the body to the outside)—guide how development occurs during the prenatal and postnatal stages.
iii.) Development is continuous: The phases of the human life span include pregnancy, infancy, early childhood, late childhood and adolescent, early youth, maturity, and old age. iii. Development is ongoing. A stage of development creates the groundwork for the stage that follows. Various phases of development occur at different rates.
iv.) Development proceeds from general to specific: The infant’s earliest motor actions are relatively generalised, such as reflexes and non-directional waving arms or kicking before they are able to reach or crawl towards an object. Before the youngster can use his fingers, he utilises his entire hand.
v.) Individual variances in development exist despite the fact that the pattern and sequence of growth and development are typically the same for everyone. Each person develops at a distinct rate, reaching each stage at a different time. Some people develop quite quickly while others take their time to reach a certain stage.
vi.) various bodily parts grow at various rates: A youngster first learns to control his neck, then elevates his head to rest on his chest, sits, crawls, and ultimately begins to walk.
vii.) Integration comes with development: A youngster initially makes sounds, then monosyllables, words, phrases, and finally complicated sentences. This is how integration comes after development. This procedure does not include simultaneous development of the body and mind.
viii.) Behaviour issues are typical for a certain stage: Each stage is characterised by particular behavioural characteristics. Any deviation from such trend should not be considered abnormal. This is due to the possibility that some behavioural patterns that parents view as problematic may fade with time.
ix.) development is predictable: Every child’s pace of growth is essentially consistent. A child’s development can therefore be predicted.
x.) The child grows as an unified whole: Physical and mental growth, as well as sociocultural influences, interact to determine a person’s overall development.
2.) Why is the prenatal period the most crucial period in development?
Answer:
Prenatal is the time between conception and delivery. This time span lasts for 238 to 290 days. This this era, significant
There are changes during development, and they happen quickly. There are three stages in this development: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.The following are the characteristics of the prenatal stages:
(i) The basis for eventual development is established through heredity.
(ii) Hereditary potentials can develop more quickly under favourable settings in the mother’s womb than under unfavourable ones. It could skew the trajectory of progress in the future.
(iii) The first three months of life are when sex is determined.
(iv) Compared to the rest of a person’s life, prenatal development and growth occur proportionately more quickly.
(v) The unborn kid may face physical and mental risks if the mother is not given the right care.
3.) What are the developmental tasks?
Answer:
A collection of societal expectations for developmental changes at a specific developmental stage are referred to as developmental tasks.
The development standards were created by developmental psychologists to identify the abilities and behaviours that are typical for a certain age. The expected growth at particular ages, such as potty training or learning to talk by the time a child is two, are known as developmental tasks.
4.) Describe the neonatal stage.
Answer:
Neonatal stage is the time span from birth to two weeks. The infant starts acclimating to the outside world at this time.
as the temperature outdoors. The newborn snoozes for around 18 to 20 hours.
The newborn stage has the following characteristics:
(i) Of all developmental phases, the neonatal stage is the shortest. (ii) The neonatal stage is a moment of dramatic adjustment.
(iii) Both physiologically and mentally, the neonatal time can be risky.
Physically because the newborn must undergo considerable physical changes to adapt to his new surroundings, and psychologically because this is the period when the attitudes of important individuals towards the newborn will have an impact on his development.
5.) What are the characteristics of early childhood?
Answer:
Early childhood encompasses the first two to six years of life. This age range is referred to as preschool age.
Early childhood traits include the following:
(i) Parents refer to this period as the “toy age” since kids are playing with toys at this age.
(ii) Since the kid is starting preschool, educators refer to this age as preschool age.
(iii) Psychologists refer to this period of development as the “pre-gang age” since the kid initially prefers to play alone and not share his toys, but suddenly he begins mingling.
(iv) They struggle with separation anxiety or nervousness around strangers.
6.) Write the characteristics of late childhood.
Answer:
Six to eleven years old is considered late childhood. Late childhood is characterised by the following:
- Children in this period are naturally interested and like to try out new things. They won’t accept tepid responses. Late childhood is a difficult era for many parents;
- Academics see late childhood as a crucial stage in the quest for accomplishment. This is the period of skill development, say educationalists.
- The gang age, according to psychologists, is late childhood. Boys and females form different gangs at this point.
7.) Describe the problems during adolescence.
Answer:
The time between late childhood and youth, or between the ages of 12 and 19, is known as adolescence. It is the time of quick, obvious bodily changes, the development of abstract thought, and the struggle for independence and identity. It is referred to as the time of tension and storm.
The issues that adolescents deal with are:
- physical and physiological development concerns.
- worries about one’s job and education.
- peer pressure that may result in drug or internet addiction.
- a lack of communication with parents.
- Depression brought on by failed relationships, academic failure, parental expectations that are too high, bullying, etc. High amounts of stress and even suicidal thoughts might result from it.
- Identity crisis, or the exploration of one’s identity through multiple identity statuses including diffusion, accomplishment, and moratorium.
8.) Write a note on adulthood.
Answer:
Adulthood: This period lasts from the ages of 21 to 40. A young adult’s main priorities at this time include choosing a personal job and being financially independent. At this point, the person is attempting to settle into his life. Both men and women start working and taking on household responsibilities. In this stage, they make plans to become financially independent, have families, and integrate into society.
The following are the traits of adulthood:
(i) Adulthood is the time for marriage and family. Once they reach legal adulthood, they are in charge of taking care of themselves.
(ii) The reproductive age is adulthood.
(iii) Issues at this level are distinct from issues at a younger age.
(iv) As a result of trying to establish himself in life, an adult feels strain.
(v) As they begin to work and get married, they find it harder to spend time with their pals as they formerly did.
(vi) They must adapt to new ways of living.
(vii) Growing up is a period of new experiences and shifting values.
(viii) Early adulthood is a period of lifestyle transition.
9.) Explain the adjustment problems in middle age.
Answer:
The late adult or middle age phase spans the ages of 40 to 60. The following list of adjustment issues exists at this stage:
- It is a feared phase owing to mental and physical degradation.
- The ability to reproduce, along with mental and physical abilities, gradually starts to deteriorate.
- More duties are coming. They help the younger generation become capable.
- The extreme financial pressure is creating tension right now.
- Anxiety and nervous breakdown are possible at this time.
- The ‘Empty Nest’ phase is in full swing as kids leave for college, the workforce, or marriage.
10.) Discuss the application of the principles of human development in different fields.
Answer:
- There are two development principles: the proximodistal principle (development moves outward from the centre of the body) and the cephalocaudal principle (development occurs from the head to the toe).
- When assessing a person’s growth, physicians find these ideas to be useful. The cephalocaudal concept is also used in business organisations, where managers and employees are informed about and participate in the implementation of top-level board of directors decisions. The proximodistal concept also relates to how cities grow from their centres to their peripheries.
3.) Compare and contrast :
1.) Growth and development
Answer:
Growth is a quantifiable change that describes a change in the physical world. However, development is a qualitative shift that affects both the physical and mental aspects of an individual.
As we age, we experience growth as changes in size and weight, and this is a normal component of development. Changes in conduct are how people view development, and it is universal in scope.
2.) Maturation and development
Answer:
The natural unfolding of genetic potential at the proper stage of development is referred to as maturation. While development refers to qualitative changes, maturation refers to changes in particular behavioural patterns.Genetic alterations accompany maturation and cannot be sped up. On the other hand, maturation, exposure to instruction, and environmental variables interact to produce development.
3.) Prenatal and post-natal stages of development
Answer:
Prenatal period refers to the time from conception to delivery, and postnatal period refers to the time from the time of the baby’s birth to its passing.Prenatal stages include the germinal, embryonic, and foetal phases, whereas postnatal stages include neonatal, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescent, early, middle-age, and old age.