Maharashtra Board Class 11 Psychology Solution Chapter 3 – Self
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 Psychology Solution Chapter 3: Self. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Self full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
3 |
Chapter name |
Self |
1. (A) Complete the following statements
1.)The self-concept begins to form when ___________
a.) a one and half-year-old child recognizes her image in the mirror
b.) an infant is able to distinguish his body from the rest in his surrounding
c.) a child recognizes his/herself as a boy or a girl
Answer:
b. an infant is able to distinguish his body from the rest in his surrounding
2.)According to Carl Rogers, every individual strives for ___________
a. ) achievement
b.) self-actualization
c.) status in society
Answer:
b.) self-actualisation
3.)Self-esteem is a sense of self-worth that depends upon ___________
a.) actual performance of an individual
b.) self-perception of one’s own performance
c.) other people’s performance perception of one’s
Answer:
b.) self-perception of one’s own performance
4.) Ability to monitor our actions and feelings, is called ___________
a.) self-regulation
b.) self-awareness
c.) self-efficacy
Answer:
a.) self-regulation
(B) State whether the following statements are True or False and give reason for your answer.
1.) Congruence between the real self and ideal self is an indicator of good mental health.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Real and ideal self-congruence promotes a stronger feeling of self-worth and, as a result, is a sign of mental wellness.
2.) Namrata aspires to become a pilot but she should not be encouraged because one must choose a profession appropriate to their gender.
Answer:
False
Reason: It is incorrect to believe that a person’s gender should influence the career they choose. The present day are seeing a blurring of gender norms.
3.) People with high self-esteem are not necessarily the ones who are always successful.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Even those with strong self-esteem occasionally fail. But even when they fail, they still have a strong sense of value.
4.) Accepting mistakes helps improving self-esteem.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Accepting one’s shortcomings helps one to take action to fix them in the future, which raises one’s sense of worth.
5.) Self-awareness is a necessary attribute to have a healthy self-concept.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Self-awareness makes it possible to view oneself realistically, which aids in the development of a positive self-concept.
(C) Identify the odd item from the following:
1.) Goal-orientation, Internal values, Feeling of superiority, Positivity
Answer:
Feeling of superiority
2.) Fear of risks, Fear of uncertainty, Self-confidence, Impression management
Answer:
Self-confidence
3.) Self-indulgence, Self-awareness, Self-efficacy, Self-esteem
Answer:
Self-indulgence
(D) Match the following pairs.
A | B |
1. Rentsch and Heffener model | a. A sense of self-worth |
2. Carl Rogers | b. Monitoring one’s own actions |
3. Congruence between ideal and real self | c. Confidence in one’s own abilities to complete a task |
4. Self-esteem | d. Categories of self-concept |
5. Self-regulation | e. Fully functioning person |
6. Self-efficacy | f. Good mental health |
Answer:
A | B |
1. Rentsch and Heffener model | d. Categories of self-concept |
2. Carl Rogers | e. Fully functioning person |
3. Congruence between ideal and real self | f. Good mental health |
4. Self-esteem | a. A sense of self-worth |
5. Self-regulation | b. Monitoring one’s own actions |
6. Self-efficacy | c. Confidence in one’s own abilities to complete a task |
2.) Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.
1.) How do we develop a concept of our ‘self’ as we grow?
Answer:
Up to the age of six months, an infant is self-aware.As the child gets older, he starts to distinguish between “me” and “what is not me.” The child is aware of societal norms by the time they are two years old.
When a kid is three years old, he or she begins to identify other people and herself as males or girls. The child starts comparing oneself to others when he or she is five or six years old.
Self-concept is built on honed abilities and skills between the ages of three and twelve.
2.) Explain the sex-identity and sex-role as a part of the self concept.
Answer:
The view of oneself as male or female is known as gender identity. It is a component of self-concept that is biological.
Gender roles are psycho-social in nature since they are influenced by the home environment and the cultural context in which a kid is raised. It is a quality of self-concept that may be learned.
3.) What are the waysin which we can achieve congruence between the Ideal self and the Real self?
Answer:
Congruence between the ideal and actual selves can be attained in a number of ways, including:
- owning up to one’s own potential
- pursuing one’s potential and making progress
- confidence in one’s abilities
- being upbeat and logical
4.) Why is the congruence between the ideal self and the real self is very significant to enjoy psychological wellbeing?
Answer:
Accurate self-concept is formed when the real and ideal selves are highly congruent.
Additionally, it promotes a higher feeling of self-worth and a healthy, productive existence.
The ideal self and the real self must thus be congruent for psychological well-being to be experienced.
5.) What is meant by self esteem?
Answer:
A overall assessment of a person along a dimension is their self-esteem. It has to do with one’s regard for oneself.
“Self-esteem is your overall evaluation of your worth as a person, high or low, based on all positive and negative self-perceptions,” claims Seligman.
6.) Describe the characteristics of individuals with high self esteem.
Answer:
Following are a few traits of people with strong self-esteem:
- Accountability
- Dedication to goals
- Sincerity and forgiveness
- Positivity
- Internal values
- Growth
7.) What are the ways to improve one’s self esteem? Give example.
Answer:
Following are some strategies for boosting one’s self-esteem:
- Stop talking to yourself negatively
- Acknowledge your strengths
- Value yourself
- Accept mistakes
- Accept rejection.
8.) What are the characteristics of individuals with self efficacy? Give examples.
Answer:
High self-efficacy individuals accurately assess themselves and are risk-takers. They feel accomplished and have a sense of confidence. e.g. New business owners frequently exhibit high levels of self-efficacy.
People with poor self-efficacy are afraid of failure and uncertainty. They are reluctant to take chances. e.g. The football team’s players had poor self-efficacy after losing five straight games.
9.) What is self image?
Answer:
Our internalised perception of oneself is known as our self image. An individual’s self-image is a personal lexicon that includes terms like clever, attractive, unattractive, brilliant, selfish, and kind. It is a list of an individual’s resources (strengths) and obligations (weaknesses).
10.) What are the ways to regulate Self? Give examples
Answer:
The following are some strategies for self-control:
- being conscious of one’s own behaviour
- being able to assess how one’s actions may affect others
- Being ability to foresee others’ reactions
e.g. Dev felt bad and made the decision to stop when he realised that his temper tantrums scared his baby. He controlled his wrath in such circumstances by employing anger management strategies.
3.) Compare and contrast
1.) Ideal self — Real self
Answer:
What we truly are is our real self (self images). It is crucial for maintaining psychological well-being.
Teenagers may think of themselves as attractive or unattractive, as good or evil people. Self-image has a direct impact on a person’s feelings, thoughts, and actions in this world.
We aspire to be our ideal selves. For instance, a male could wish to play cricket, whereas a lady would want to be a dancer. It stands for our flexible aspirations and objectives. Rogers intended by “ideal self” a set of objectives that are out of our league.
2.) Private self — Objective self-awareness
Answer:
- While objective self-awareness develops throughout adolescence, the private self develops between the ages of five and six.Children who learn to lie and conceal secrets start to build a private ego. Parents are oblivious of the child’s secret side, which contains ideas, feelings, and wants. On the other hand, when teenagers want to be the centre of attention and popularity, objective self-awareness grows. They adopt a group’s mannerisms and behavioural habits in order to do this.
3.) People with high self-esteem and People with low self-esteem
Answer:
- Those that have high self-esteem are upbeat, responsible, sincere, and dedicated to their objectives. People with low self-esteem, on the other hand, are pessimistic, require externally focused ambitions, and are restless with both themselves and other people.
- People with high self-esteem are forgiving and have strong internal values. They strive to get better all the time. People with low self-esteem, on the other hand, are sad and anxious. They might also struggle with inferiority or superiority complexes.
4.) How will you deal with the following situations if it were you in those situations.
a) Grishma thinks she is extremely good-looking – which is not true in reality – she aspires to become a star model.
Answer:
I believe the following qualities are crucial for being a successful model: confidence, physical fitness, elegance, and perseverance.
I’ll discuss Grishma’s discrepancy between her “real self” and “ideal self” with her. She will also realise that, despite the fact that she is not very attractive, she may realise her potential by making an effort to hone her other strong traits.
b) Harshad is avoiding places where he has to meet many people as he wears spectacles and he has got lot of pimples.
Answer:
I’ll convince Harshad that his zits or glasses don’t define who he is or how valuable he is as a person. Therefore, he shouldn’t allow it have a bad effect on him.In order to help him understand that his “self-concept” should be founded on a wider variety of factors than just a body image, I will also point out his strengths. To help him feel better about himself, I will also urge him to socialise with people in a variety of social settings.
c) Sushma is too short so she does not mix with others.
Answer:
I’ll tell Sushma that she shouldn’t be embarrassed by her height. One part of her personality is not only how tall she is. She shouldn’t allow it to interfere with her social contacts.I’ll encourage Sushma to socialise with different people so that she may establish solid, enduring relationships. She’ll feel joyful and upbeat as a result.
5.) Write short notes in 50-60 words each.
1.) Gender role
Answer:
“Gender role” is a learned trait that is fundamentally psycho-social in nature. The home environment and societal factors, where children learn via imitation and observation, establish gender roles. You could occasionally see a female acting assertively by taking charge of the conversation and making judgements that are forceful.
2.) Carl Rogers’ theory of self
Answer:
Every person has a tendency to realise themselves, claims Rogers. People that are mentally healthy have consistency between their experiences and their concepts of themselves. What we truly are is who we are. It is crucial for psychological well-being. The ideal self is what we aspire to. A healthy existence and a higher sense of one’s own worth result from high congruence between the real and ideal selves. Maladjustment results from an incongruence between the real and ideal selves.
3.) Self-efficacy
Answer:
Self efficacy is the conviction that one can carry out a certain noble job.It depends on how confident he is in his own ability. Competence can change depending on the circumstance. Say, for instance, that a teenager has great self efficacy in psychology but poor self efficacy in mathematics. It is “what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions,” according to Maddux (2002).
4.) Self-awareness
Answer:
The ‘quality or trait that involves conscious awareness
of one’sthoughts, feelings, behaviours and traits’, is defined as self awareness. (Cherry 2018A). One has to be somewhat self-aware in order to have a healthy self concept. It is the knowledge that each person has a unique identity apart from others. According to Piaget, between the ages of 15 and 24 months, self-awareness begins to develop. Prior to the youngster being conscious of being the centre of attention, self awareness is required so that he may comprehend how others are experiencing. because they can distinguish between things that belong to them and things that belong to others on the basis of this.
5.) Self-esteem
Answer:
Self-esteem is the overall assessment of a person on a dimension.For instance, like-dislike or good-bad. A person’s total assessment of their own value, whether high or poor, based on both positive and negative self assessments, is what Seligman refers to as self esteem. Respect for oneself is known as having self-esteem. A person may have different levels of self-worth, for example, a female may have high self-esteem regarding her brilliance but poor self-esteem while speaking to strangers.
6.) Self-regulation
Answer:
Since we may anticipate or envisage the results, self regulation entails keeping an eye on our behaviours. It also entails concentrating on
focusing on certain aspects of existence while temporarily disregarding others. People either have a promotion regulatory emphasis or a preventive regulatory focus, according to Higgins’ (1996) study on regulatory focus. Either people concentrate on getting what they want or they do nothing to stop what they don’t want. People from East Asian cultures tend to concentrate on preemptive self-regulation in an effort to defuse potentially awkward situations (Hamamura and Heine, 2008). That may imply that everyone studies to avoid being reprimanded and teased by their parents, family, and friends.
6.) Answer the following questions in 150- 200 words.
1.) Give a detailed account of development of an individual’s Self concept through the stages of life.
Answer:
- A newborn is often oblivious of himself until the age of six months. The child begins to distinguish between his own body and everything else as he gets older.
- Face recognition in a mirror starts to develop in typical youngsters around the age of one and a half years. They are able to play pretend. They also start utilising pronouns like “I,” “me,” and “mine.”
- By the time they are two years old, children are aware of social norms (good/bad behaviour). When people smile at them, they grin, and when people are furious, they frown. By contrasting themselves with the normative role model, they also start to feel good about themselves.
- Children begin to identify themselves and others as boys or girls by the age of three.
- Between the ages of three and twelve, a child’s self-concept is mostly determined by their sex, age, family, and what they feel they can and cannot do.
- A kid starts comparing himself to others when they enter school at the age of five or six (the beginnings of social comparison). During this phase, the individual’s self-concept is also developing.
- During adolescence, perspective-taking, or considering and comprehending others’ points of view, plays a key role in the eventual development of one’s own self-concept. Even the point of objective self-awareness could be reached by them.
2.) Explain the theory of Self as proposed by Carl Rogers.
Answer:
Every person has a tendency to realise themselves, according to Carl Rogers.
According to Rogers, mentally healthy people have a congruence between their experiences and their self-concept, whereas neurotic people downplay their sensory and emotional experiences.
The true self and the ideal self are two crucial ideas in relation to Roger’s theory.
The ideal self is what we want to be, but the real self is how we really see ourselves. The ideal self symbolises our always changing aspirations and aims, whereas the true self is our inner personality.
The true self usually actualizes himself. But the perfect self could include certain aspirations that are out of our league. The difference between the real you and the ideal you might come from this.
A higher feeling of self-worth and a more productive existence are correlated with high congruence between the real and ideal selves, while maladjustment is correlated with a wide disparity or incongruence between the two.
We seek to be fully functional individuals, or attain self-actualization, by working to reach our full potential.
Realising and pursuing one’s full potential is the definition of self-actualization. Self-actualized individuals are balanced, well-adjusted, and fascinating.