First Phase of the Indian National Movement ICSE Notes Class 10 History Chapter 3
First Phase of the Indian National Movement ICSE Notes Class 10 History Chapter 3 is available here. We cover all the important points including: Phases of the Indian National Movement, Contribution of Dadabhai Naoraji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Surrendranath Banerjee in details.
First Phase of the Indian Nationalist Movement (1885 – 1907) ICSE Notes Class 10
Three Phases of the Indian National Movements:
1st Phase |
The Early Nationalists Phase or Moderate Phase | 1885 A.D. – 1905 A.D. |
2nd Phase | The Aggressive Phase or Radical Phase |
1905 A.D. – 1919 A.D. |
3rd Phase |
The Gandhi an Phase |
1919 A.D. – 1947 A.D. |
- Objectives of the Early Nationalists (Moderates)?
(a) To awaken and organize public opinion.
(b) To arouse political consciousness and national spirit of the Indians.
(c) To educate and unite Indians on common political and economic issues.
(d) To create a strong British public opinion in favour of the genuine grievances of the Indians.
(e) To establish colonial form of self government.
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- Programme of the Early Nationalists (Moderates)
I.) Political Programme or Constitutional Reforms:
(a) To form the Governor General’s Legislative Council at the Centre and to ask for the expansion of the provincial Legislative Councils.
(b) To seek the abolition of the “Indian Council” in England.
(c) To complete the separation of the executive from the judiciary?
(d) To establish the colonial form of self government in India as in Canada and Australia.
II.) Administrative Reforms:
(a) Wider employment to Indians in higher jobs under the Government.
(b) Indenisation of civil services and simultaneous I.C.S. Examinations to be held in England and India.
(c) Higher jobs to Indians in the Army.
(d) Repeal of the Arms Act of 1878 A.D. and Licence Act.
(e) Improvement in the police system to make it honest, efficient and popular.
III.) Socio – Economic Programme:
(a) Education in the rate of land revenue.
(b) Availability of cheap credit to the peasants from the Agricultural Banks.
(c) Duty on Sugar and Salt to be totally abolished.
(d) Reduction in expenditure on the Home Government charges and on the army.
(e) Sufferings of the Indian coolies and labours working in plantations abroad ought to be mitigated.
IV.) Programme Relating to Civil Rights and Liberties:
(a) Right to freedom of speech and expression.
(b) Right to assemble ad to form association and to organize meetings to educate the people.
(c) Right to circulate leaflets, pamphlets and the Acts and restoration of civil liberties.
Methods of Struggle of the Early Nationalists (Moderates)
The Early Nationalists followed the method of three ‘Ps’ i.e. Prayers, Petitions and Pleas. The Method of Struggle of the Early Nationalists was known as Constitutional Agitation. This included discussions, processions, speeches, peaceful propaganda through press, memoranda, sending delegations to the Government in India and England. They used the following policies:
I.) By Resolution and Petitions
II.) By Newspapers
III.) By Deputation
Iv.) By raising issues in the Imperial Legislative Council
Contribution of Dadabhai Naoroji
I.) India’s Unofficial Ambassador in England:
(a) In 1865, he founded the London India Society to publicise grievances of Indians.
(b) In 1866, he founded the East India Association in London to inform the British of the true state of affairs in India.
(c) He became the Member of the House of Commons of the British Parliament in 1892.
(d) It was with his efforts that the British House of Commons passed a resolution recommending that ICS Examination to be held simultaneously in England and India.
II.) His role in Congress:
(a) He laid the foundation of early nationalists Politics and the principles of Constitutional Agitation.
(b) Under his President ship in 1906, the Congress passed a resolution on Swadeshi, Swaraj, Boycott and National Education.
(c) In this Way, his tactful handling of the crisis between the Moderates and the Radicals resulted in keeping the Congress united and the split was averted in 1996.
III.) His Economic Ideas:
(a) His ideas about India’s Poverty and theory of ‘Drain of Wealth’ were put into a volume called “Poverty and Un – British Rule in India”.
Contribution of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
I.) His role in Congress:
(a) In 1905, Gokhale became the Congress President.
(b) He opposed the Partition of Bengal and went to England to persuade the British Politicians not to give effect to it.
(c) Gokhale played an important role in bringing the Minto – Morley Reforms of 1909 AD.
II.) Servants of India Society:
(a) Gokhale formed the Servants of India Society in Pune, Maharashtra in 1905 to promote social and human development and overthrow the British rule in India.
(b) The Society organized many campaigns to promote education especially women education, sanitation, health care and fight the social evils of untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty, oppression of women and domestic abuse.
III.) His Economic Ideas:
(a) Being an economist, he demanded radical changes in the fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class.
(b) He impressed upon the government to reduce the land revenue.
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IV.) Gokhale and Gandhiji:
(a) In 1912, Gokhale went to South Africa where he helped Gandhiji in his fight against racial discrimination.
(b) The credit of persuading Gnadhiji to return to India and join Indian public life also goes to Gokhlae.
Contribution of Surrendranath Banerjee
1.) His role in Public Life:
(a) He was elected to the Calcutta Corporation d remained for nearly two decades,
(b) In 1921, he was appointed as the minister of Self – government and health by the Governor of Bengal.
(c) Gokhale played an important role in bringing the Minto – Morley Reforms of 1909 AD.
II.) Indian Association:
(a) He founded the Indian Association in 1876 in Kolkata. The objectives were the following:
(i) Creation of a strong body of public opinion.
(ii) Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests.
(iii) Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims.
III.) His Role in Congress:
(a) He called a meeting of the Indian National Conference in 1883 AD which was the first meeting of leaders from all over India.
(b) He was elected as the Congress President twice i.e. in 1895 AD and 1902 AD.
(c) He actively opposed the ‘Partition of Bengal’ brought about by Lord Curzon.
(d) He supported the Swadeshi Movement and the boycott of the foreign goods.
IV.) As a Journalist and Writer:
(a) He was called the Indian Gladstone for his oratory and the Indian Edmund Burke for his combining oratory with knowledge.
(b) He edited a newspaper, called Bengalee which served as a powerful medium for mobilizing public opinion.
(c) He also wrote a book ‘A Nation in Making’ gives an account of his political concern and his views about self – government.