Chhattisgarh State Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution and Social Change (1750-1900) Exercise Multiple Choice, Fill in the Blanks, Questions and Answers here.
Chhattisgarh State Class 9 Social Science Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution and Social Change (1750-1900) Solution
- How did ‘proto-industrialisation’ help in establishing the factory system?
Ans: In proto-industrialisation, the merchants lived in the city but the goods were produced in the village. This system of production became part of a world wide trading network. The merchants controlled the production and the artisans produced the goods in their homes, not in factories. Each merchant had scores of artisans working for them. In this way, a large number of people became involved in industrial production, international trade and monetary transactions.
- Why was it necessary to set up factories to use the new machines?
Ans: In factory manufacturing, items were created under one roof in cities rather than in the homes of craftsmen in rural. As a result, things were mass produced. This requires both capital and work. It also requires market demand for the commodities. The capital was given by wealthy businessmen in the United Kingdom. There was a lot of interest in the market. Labour for the industries was accessible in the rural and towns. New machines were also developed in order to create more things in less time. Therefore, it was necessary to set up factories to use the new machines.
- Have you visited any steel mill in your state? How is the production done in the mill? Find out and discuss in class.
Ans: Discuss in class.
- Why is good quality iron/steel required to establish a factory?
Ans: The iron smelted from such furnaces was of better quality. It could be used to produce long castings that made it easier to manufacture many kinds of iron goods cheaply.
- What are the differences between wood charcoal and coal?
Ans: Wood charcoal was used to smelt the ore. But wood charcoal did not produce very high temperatures and was not easily available. So the iron produced in England was of poor quality, whereas, England had rich resources of coal and iron ore, which were needed to produce the steel to build machines. In addition, other metals used by industries, such as lead, copper and tin were also available in plenty.
- What energy is used to power factories today? How is this energy produced?
Ans: By the end of the 18th century, Watt’s steam engine replaced human/animal power and the energy of flowing water (water wheels). The energy of rapidly flowing water in rivers was also converted by water wheels.
- Why is industrialisation not possible with animal power or the energy of flowing water?
Ans: Animal power and flowing water energy are insufficient for operating industries since these sources are unpredictable and too weak.
- India also imposed high protectionist duties on foreign goods from 1947 onwards. But after 1990, the protectionist duties were reduced to a minimum. Ask your teacher about this change in policy and why it happened. Discuss in class.
Ans: Discuss in class.
- If different provinces of a country have different weights and measures, what problems could it cause for trade?
Ans: If different provinces of a country have different weights and measures, it could not establish a unified economic policy for the whole country. The local feudal lords and officials could interfere in the market economy like they used to do earlier.
- If each province has its own currency, what difficulties would traders face?
Ans: If each province had its own currency, then the local feudal lords, traders and officials could interfere in the market economy like they used to do earlier.
- Have you come across any example of barter of goods in your city or village? Tell the class about these examples.
Ans: No.
- How does currency help in expanding trade?
Ans: The entire country was subject to a single tax, weights and measures, and currency system. This made cross-country trading simple. As a result, domestic commerce increased dramatically. Wages, land rentals, taxes, and so forth were all paid in cash. Another significant factor in this transformation was the commercialization of agriculture. Farming was no longer done just to fulfil home requirements, but also to earn from agricultural produce sold in the market. As a result, cash transactions became more popular in rural regions as well. As a result, consumers will have more options when spending their money on things. As a result, demand for commodities increased and marketplaces expanded. Wages, land rentals, taxes, and so forth were all paid in cash. Another significant factor in this transformation was the commercialization of agriculture. Farming was no longer done just to fulfil home requirements, but also to earn from agricultural produce sold in the market.
- How much of their agricultural produce do farmers in your area sell in the market and how much do they retain for household consumption? Discuss in class.
Ans: To be discussed in class.
- Who reaped the benefits of increased agricultural production during the agricultural revolution in Britain?
Ans: Food grain, meat, and cotton trade began to flourish in Britain in the 15th century. A large number of tenant farmers began producing for the market. As prices surged in the 17th century, these farmers’ earnings increased. Landowners began to exhibit an interest in agriculture. They evicted their tenants, recruited labourers, and took over management of their fields. They purchased more property from nearby farmers and encroached on village commons (pastures) to develop massive landholdings. To increase their income, they also implemented new agricultural practises and established commercial sheep rearing. During the 18th century, Britain saw a massive economic upheaval. It’s known as the Agricultural Revolution. It had one unfortunate ending.
- How does a bank provide capital for setting up a factory? Where does it get this money?
Ans: By the end of the 17th century, British merchants were trading in China, India, Africa, America and other countries. They were also politically active in these countries. As a result, Britain accumulated considerable wealth and capital. The British cities like London became international trade hubs. Many financial institutions such as banks were established in these hubs. They provided finance for new economic projects. The spread of such facilities helped Britain to establish more factories.
- What kinds of factories were set up in Britain that got their raw materials from the colonies?
Ans: Cotton factories, Textile factories, Iron and steel factories were the basic kinds of factories that were set up in Britain.
- Wealthy landowners and wealthy merchants – which of these two would be willing to invest capital in industry? Why?
Ans: Wealthy merchants would be willing to invest capital in industry because by the end of the 17th century, British merchants were trading in China, India, Africa, America and other countries. They were also politically active in these countries. As a result, Britain accumulated considerable wealth and capital. The merchants got cheap cotton, food-grain and other produce from the American colonies.
- The village peasant and the daily labourer in the city – which of these two would buy all the goods they need from the market?
Ans: The village peasant would buy all the goods they need from the market.
- From what you have read till now, which raw materials do you think Britain needed for its industrialisation? How were the raw materials supplied?
Ans: Cheap cotton, food-grain and other produce from the American colonies is needed by Britain for its industrialisation.
The merchants got cheap cotton, food-grain and other produce from the American colonies. In exchange, the colonies purchased the industrial goods manufactured in Britain.
- What kind of work do women do in factories today? Is it legal for children aged below 14 years to work?
Ans: The women worked in the fields, grazed cattle, collected firewood or spun yarn on spinning wheels at home.
No, it is illegal for children aged below 14 years to work.
- How many hours do workers work in factories every day these days?
Ans: The workers work in factories every day these days for like about 8 – 9 hours.
- Women worked 12 to 16 hours every day during industrial revolution and became financially independent.What impact do you think this had on their status in their families?
Ans: Work made women financially independent and boosted their self-respect. But these gains were offset by the appalling conditions in which they worked. Pregnant women faced serious problems and often delivered still born babies. Since they did not get the time to take care of their infant babies, infant and child mortality was unusually high among the workers. Women were forced to live in filthy and appalling hovels just to be near their factories.
- What do you think the weavers did to earn their livelihood after their textiles stopped selling in the market?
Ans: I think, personally, that the weavers might have:
a) Started to weave other types of textiles.
b) Started to immigrate to other cities in search of jobs.
c) Started to sell their textiles directly to consumers, instead of depending on their whole sellers or retailers.
EXERCISES
1.) Choose the correct alternative:
a) Where did the first industrial revolution occur?
i) France
ii) Germany
iii) Spain
iv) England
Ans: iv) England
b) Germany’s industrial revolution was based on which industries?
i) Textiles
ii) Computers iii) Minerals
iv) Chemicals and Electricity
Ans: iii) Minerals
2.) What were the similarities and difference between proto-industrialisation and factory production?
Ans: Industrial production began long before factories were founded in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, Europe, and India. Textiles, iron utensils, and other items were in high demand in markets across the world at the time. Merchants in towns and cities aspired to fulfil this increasing need. They provided advances to peasants and craftsmen in villages in order for them to make these things.
The craftsmen were hired to make the things just for them and within a certain time frame. When the merchants needed to expand output, they hired more artisans. Historians refer to this period of industrialization as “proto-industrialisation.”
The merchants lived in the city, while the items were manufactured in the hamlet during proto-industrialisation. This manufacturing system became a component of a global commerce network. The merchants controlled manufacturing, and craftsmen made the items in their homes rather than factories. Each merchant employed a large number of craftspeople. As a result, many individuals were involved in industrial production, international trade, and monetary transactions.
Whereas,
In Factory production- The earliest factories in England were built between 1730 and 1740. However, it was not until the end of the 18th century that the number of industries began to significantly rise. In factory manufacturing, items were created under one roof in cities rather than in the homes of craftsmen in rural. As a result, things were mass produced. This requires both capital and work. It also requires market demand for the commodities. The capital was given by wealthy businessmen in the United Kingdom. The market was in high demand. Labour for the industries was accessible in the rural and towns. New machines were also developed in order to create more things in less time.
3.) Who were the people who invested capital for Britain’s industrialisation?
Ans: the people who invested capital for Britain’s industrialisation:
i) Banks – During the l1te 18th and early 19th centuries, Banks played a key role in the industrialisation of Britain by giving loans to businesses.
ii) Landowners – From building industries or factories in their land, to providing free land for peasants to work, landowners played a key role in the industrialisation of Britain.
iii) Merchants –The British merchants made huge profits by trading with foreign and overseas countries. They used that money to build banks and industries which played the most important role for Britain’s industrialisation.
4.) Who invested capital for Germany’s industrialisation?
Ans: The German government joined in with significant capital investments. It built a massive railway network in the nation and invested in mining. The following project intended to establish schools, universities, and technical institutes.
The research undertaken at universities was related to the needs of industry. Technical schools were also integrated with industry to guarantee that their students gained the information and skills necessary by companies.
The German state devised a tax structure in which commodities imported into Germany faced high protectionist tariffs while goods exported from Germany faced cheap tariffs. These regulations shielded German industry from foreign competition. Germany’s expanding economic dominance led to the establishment of colonies in Africa and Asia.
5.) What is the difference in the role the state played in the industrialisation of England, Germany and India?
Ans: England – The British government funded various industries, like as coal mining and iron making, but it did not actively invest in factories or other businesses. Thy also invested partly in infrastructure projects such as roads, canals, and railroads, nevertheless, these were largely sponsored by private investors.
Germany – The German government provided payments to a range of industries, including mining for coal, iron and steel manufacturing, and railways. In addition, the German government launched capital investments in a variety of industries, including chemicals and power.
India – During that time, India was under the rule of British. Instead of, uprising of the Indian economy, the british governments exploited India’s natural resources and made profits themselves. The British had zero to no positive role in the industrialization of India.
6.) How did the iron and steel industry contribute to the industrial revolution?
Ans: The industrial revolution in England, which began with the textile sector, shifted to producing machines made of iron and steel. England had abundant coal and iron ore supplies, as well as other metals like lead, copper, and tin. However, until the 18th century, England did not manufacture high-quality steel for machine construction. Wood charcoal was used to smelt the ore, but it did not create high temperatures and was difficult to obtain. In the early 18th century, an iron-mongering family named Abraham Derby began experimenting with iron smelting, leading to significant developments over three generations. The most significant modification was the substitution of coke for wood charcoal in the blast furnace, producing higher-grade iron that could be used for long castings and various types of iron items at a low cost. This steel was stronger and more durable, making it a superior alternative to wood for manufacturing rails and other items. The industrial revolution required two additional significant discoveries to stabilize it.
7.) What impact did industrial development have on society?
Ans: a) Dependence on industry for livelihoods: The industrial revolution led to many important social changes. One far-reaching change was that people moved out of agriculture to work in factories in the cities. The peasants became industrial workers. They totally depended on industry for their livelihood. The population of industrial towns grew rapidly.
b) The birth of industrial capitalism: Industrialisation marked the birth of industrial capitalism. Economic power was concentrated in the hands of a few people. Society was divided into two classes. One class was the workers. Their only possession was their labour, which they sold to the factory owners to earn a livelihood. They got meagre wages in return. The second class was the capitalists and landowners.
c) The market-oriented economy: One fundamental problem in a market-oriented economy is that the factory owner does not know whether his products will sell in the market. The market often becomes dull for various reasons and the products don’t sell. It could be because more goods are produced and supplied to the market than it needs, or because the people don’t have enough money to buy the goods.
d) A constant effort to reduce input costs: The capitalists constantly try to reduce the cost of production so that they can sell at a lower price than their competitors. There are many ways of reducing the cost of production. For example, new kinds of machines or production systems can be introduced that produce more goods with fewer workers. Or cheaper raw materials can be used or new sources of raw materials can be explored. Or else, a new product can be introduced to substitute for a conventional product. This is the defining feature modern industrial production – technology and production processes are constantly changing. Many workers are laid off because of technological changes and new machines. These unemployed workers have to look for other jobs.
8.) What were the obstacles in the way of Germany’s industrial revolution in the 18th century? How were these obstacles overcome?
Ans: Two obstacles still stood in the way of speeding up their industrialisation. The first problem was that it was difficult for them to compete with Britain, which had industrialised strongly and captured the international market for industrial goods. In fact, it was almost impossible to break Britain’s monopoly in the textile industry. The second problem was that these countries did not have a strong capitalist class with capital and experience.
Let us see how Germany addressed these two problems. At the time of the French Revolution, the country was divided into more than 300 small states. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, when European countries were reorganised, Germany was left with about 39 states. Soon these 39 German-speaking states formed a loose federation. The most powerful among them was Prussia. It tried to forge the federation into a single unit under its political umbrella. One of the steps Prussia took was to form an economic union in 1834. It reduced tariff barriers to trade and reformed its currency system. It also tried to end the control of the feudal landowners over the economy. It abolished the feudal practice of serfdom and carried out land reforms. The tenant peasants were freed from the clutches of the feudal landowners.
Germany did not have such wealthy capitalists. This is where the German government stepped in with large capital investments. It created a vast railway network in the country and invested in opening mines. The next initiative was to open schools, universities and technical institutions. The research conducted in the universities was linked to the requirements of industry. The technical institutions were also linked with industry to ensure that their students acquired knowledge and skills required by factories. The German state established a tax regime in which the products of other countries imported into Germany faced high protectionist tariffs while the tariff on goods exported from Germany were low. These policies protected German industry from international competition. The growing power of its unified economy led Germany to establish colonies in Africa and Asia
9.) How did the colonies contribute to industrialisation? What were the obstacles to industrialisation of the colonies?
Ans: During the French Revolution, the country was partitioned into almost 300 tiny states. When European countries reorganised after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, Germany was left with around 39 states. These 39 German-speaking republics quickly created a loose union. Prussia was the most powerful of them all. It attempted to unite the federation under its political umbrella.
In 1834, one of the initiatives taken by Prussia was the formation of an economic union. It cut trade tariffs and overhauled its monetary system. It also attempted to eliminate feudal landlords’ grip over the economy. It ended the mediaeval practise of serfdom and implemented land reforms. Tenant peasants were liberated from the clutches of feudal landowners.
Germany’s unification in 1871 resulted in the establishment of major industries and the development of new mines. Many jobless people found jobs in these new businesses. The feudal landlords also became innovative farmers, embracing new agricultural techniques. As a consequence, agricultural productivity increased, and their products were sold in national and worldwide markets.As previously said, Germany had to compete with Britain in order to industrialise and become dominant.German authorities concentrated on industries that Britain had not developed. There were three new sectors of industrial development during the time. These industries were the chemical industry, heavy machinery industry, and electrical industry.
10.) If the goods produced in a factory do not sell in the market, what effect does it have on capitalists and workers?
Ans: Capitalists: Business will get heavily affected as the main source of profit for the capitalists are the profits earned when the goods made in the factories are sold. If the goods stop selling, they wouldn’t get the necessary capital required to produce the goods again. In such cases the workers are either laid off, or their salaries get reduced to half and in worst cases the all the workers gets fired and the business shuts down.
Workers: As discussed earlier, the workers work under the capitalists. When businesses will get heavily affected as the main source of profit for the capitalists are the profits earned when the goods made in the factories are sold. If the goods stop selling, they wouldn’t get the necessary capital required to produce the goods again. As a result, the paycheck gets reduced at a higher rate than usual for the workers. They always feel insecured about their jobs because there is no job security and at last, they might get laid off permanently leading to a null source of income.
11.) How does technological change affect the workers and how do the products of new technologies affect the consumers? Discuss with an example.
Ans: Towards the beginning of the 19th century, wages increased but they were still too low to meet the rising cost of living. The average daily wages of the workers depended on the prevailing wage rate as well as the period of employment. By the middle of the 19th century, around 10% of the urban population lived in dire poverty even in the best of times. In times of economic depression, the unemployment rate would climb to 35% – and even 75% in some regions. Food riots often broke out during these times. The workers resented the new technology and mechanisation that reduced their employment opportunities. Very often, they tried to destroy the machines, blaming them for displacing workers from their jobs. First, they targeted machines in factories but soon they began wrecking even the newly developed agricultural machinery like threshers.
12.) How did Britain’s industrial revolution affect the weavers in India?
Ans: When textile mills were established in England, the British industrialists complained about textile imports from other countries. They put pressure on their government to levy an import duty on imported textiles so that the textiles produced in Manchester could sell in the domestic market without facing competition. They also put pressure on the East India Company to sell English textiles in the Indian market. As a result, exports of British textiles rose dramatically towards the beginning of the 19th century. This created two problems for Indian weavers. Their export market shrank and so did their Indian market. The textiles produced in Manchester flooded the Indian market. The local weavers could not compete with these cheap, mass produced cotton textiles. By 1850, stories of the sad plight of the helpless weavers could be heard across all the textile producing regions of India.
13.) Who were the first Indian industrialists? How did they get the capital to invest in new factories?
Ans: Some Indian industrialists wanted to establish factories in the country after accumulating wealth from their trading activities. In Bombay, Parsi industrialists like Dinshaw Petit and Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata (who went on to lay the foundation of a vast industrial empire in India) earned handsome profits by exporting opium to China and raw Indian cotton to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari merchant who set up India’s first indigenous jute mill in 1917, was also involved in the China trade. So were the father and grandfather of G.D. Birla. Apart from them, there were some commercial groups that were not directly involved in foreign trade. They were trading and moneylending in the domestic market. When opportunities to invest in industry opened up in India, many of them began establishing factories.
14.) What challenges did the first Indian industrialists have to face?
Ans: Indian industrialists demanded an import tax on goods imported into the country to protect the output of the Indian mills. They also demanded priority for Indian products in all government purchases. The British government was not in favour of taxing imported goods because such a tax would harm British exports. But rising government expenditure made it necessary to levy new taxes. However, the government showed no favour to the local industrialists and fixed the same levy for both imported and locally produced goods. Thus, Indian industry got no protection. The government also refused to purchase Indian products for its requirements, citing their inferior quality. Even writing paper and ink were imported from England. This situation continued till 1914, when the World War made it difficult for British goods to reach India. Indian industry began to expand and grow freely only after this.
15.) What were the differences and similarities in the laws enacted in Britain, Germany and India to protect the interests of the workers?
Ans:
Features | Britain | Germany | India |
Similarities | Started new laws and regulations to keep a check on the maximum working hours, and also to avoid child labour. | They promoted job securities and insurance policies for the medical support of their labourers. | The 3 countries deliberately issued laws and regulations to keep and maintain the rights of the workers as well as laws for women workers as well. |
Differences | Britain were a little too lenient on their laws for the workers, as a result the workers started to collects the guts to set up working conditions and wages keeping in mind their own benefit. | Germany’s government were not as lenient as Britain as the Government had the authority and they used to set up working conditions for the workers. | The British colonial rule on India made a huge impact in the laws and regulations of Indian worker as they weren’t that much comprehensive and well-enforced, like the other two. |