Chhattisgarh State Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 17 Understanding Development Exercise Multiple Choice, Fill in the Blanks, Questions and Answers here.
Chhattisgarh State Class 10 Social Science Chapter 17 Solution
Exercise
1.)
a.) B
b.) C
2.) Development is a qualitative term which means overall upliftment in the socio-economic status on an individual. Government uses various indices to measure development in the country. The first such index is per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It is calculated by dividing the total output of a country by the total population of the country. It is an indicator of average availability of goods and services for every individual in the country. Other indicators of development are income, consumption expenditure, Human Development reports by UNDP which includes life expectancy, literacy, and malnourishment among the children.
3.) India’s GDP is larger than Nepal, but it lags in the human development indicators because-
- India has a bigger population base which makes the per capita income comparatively equal to that of Nepal.
- In India economic inequality is present because of which the benefits of government programs do not reach the last mile population directly. It also effects the sub-indicators of the human development Index like life expectancy, literacy rate and health conditions of children.
- Nepal is a small country which makes the distribution of goods and services quite easy and uniform.
4.) Development is a holistic term which includes the overall qualitative improvement in the condition of the individual. Other than per capita income, various other indicators are used to measure it like income, consumption expenditure, health indicators, Human Development Reports of UNDP which includes factors such as life expectancy, literacy, and malnourishment among the children etc.
5.) According to World Bank, India is a lower middle-income country. Although our economic and social conditions have improved largely after independence. But a lot more is required to improve the development factors of the country. Like reducing inequalities in the society. India is gripped which huge social, economic, and linguistic differences. Providing every individual with equal opportunities and socio-economic equality is important for his or her development. More employment opportunities are required to sustain the growing population of the country with the improvement in health facilities, elderly care, etc. Literacy rate also needs to be increased all over the country with a special focus on female education. Improvement in health facilities would lead to improvement in life expectancy and nutrition levels in the society.
6.) Chhattisgarh is rich in mineral resource and there are numerous possibilities present because of development programs implemented by the government. The major shortfall which is visible here is the lack of public participation at all levels. In the major policy formulation level, it should include the representatives of native populations to consider their unique demands and requirements like environment protection, religious beliefs of tribal population etc. Because of this when any policy is implemented on ground it does not have public engagement and even opposition is witnessed many of the times.
7.) As per table 17.3 the income of B, C, and E have increased, while of A and D have remained same. This led to the increase in the total income of the group and increase in the per capita income of the group also. Though it does not necessarily mean that the income of every individual has increase but the average income of the whole group has increased over a period.
8.) Development indicators other than the per capita GDP of the country which show the development in the country are availability of public services like housing for all, pollution free environment, safe and peaceful environment, safe drinking water supply, disease free surroundings, public distribution system, education for all, infant and maternal mortality rates, etc. All these shows the status of development of the society on various social and economic indicators.
9.) The development indicator of school should include the participation of students in co-curricular activities, sports activities, and encouraging children to participate in national and state level sport tournaments, infirmary facilities, teacher-student ration, providing life values and important social values in any children, strong discipline, good learning environment, strong leadership development, exposure to skill generation and employment opportunities, skill training etc.
10.)
a.) Infant mortality rate is an indicator which shows the number of death of children after birth. It can be defined as the number of children died under 1 year of age, per thousand live births. It is an important indicator as it shows the condition of health facilities in any country and natal and post-natal care.
b.) Money spent on illness is an out-of-pocket expenditure of any individual. It reduces his or her disposable income and reduces its purchasing power which effects his/her other indictors like life expectancy, etc. In a way it shows the environment and the health conditions in any country. If more money is spent on illness, it means the environment and health infrastructure of any country is very poor.
c.) Clean drinking water is an important public facility. It is also an indicator of the development of the country. It shows the percentage of population which has access to safe and clean drinking water facilities. According to UNICEF, in India almost 50% of the population does not have the access to safe drinking water i.e., it is contaminated by chemicals, or dangerous levels of toxins.
d.) A marginal or seasonal employment is the case when employment is present only in a certain season of a year or less than 6 months in a year. Seasonal employment or marginal employment is usually witnessed in agriculture and mining sectors because employment is only present only during the harvesting or sowing season and not in between. In mining sector mines are not functional during rainy season because of which people face unemployment.
11.) Indicators like average income or per capita GDP does not show the economic inequalities present in the society. It is calculated by dividing the total GDP by the total population of the country. It does not take into account the individual changes in income and the socio-economic inequalities present in the society. For example, in Table 17.3 the individual incomes of B, C, and E have increased, and the income of A and D have not changed from 2010 to 2012. But the average income of the group has increased and so is the per capita income.
12.) Different social groups in the society have different expenditure levels. Like any labour group spends less while any corporate working groups spends more. This indicates that the level of income inequalities present in the society. The primary sector working groups do not have much disposable income, so they spend more on their basic needs, while the people engaged in tertiary and quaternary sector services consume more and have more disposable income.
Additional questions & Answers
Mcq
1.) Which one of the following is not a method of reducing girl child mortality rate?
a.) Improving education facilities
b.) Improving health facilities
c.) Improving entrepreneurial activities
d.) Strengthening old societal laws
Answer: D
2.) Society is not considered if it has
a.) High per capita income
b.) High literacy rate
c.) High life expectancy
d.) High infant mortality rate
Answer: D
3.) Human development report is published by
a.) UNICEF
b.) UNESCO
c.) UNDP
d.) UN
Answer: C
4.) Which one of the following is not an indicator considered in formulating human development reports.
a.) Average life expectancy
b.) Health
c.) Education
d.) All of the above are indicators.
Answer: D
5.) Malnutrition in the children is measure through
a.) Height
b.) Weight
c.) Eyesight
d.) Both a and b
Answer: D
6.) Which of the following is necessary for creating a healthy society
a.) Nutritious food
b.) Safe drinking water
c.) Proper sanitation
d.) All of the above
Answer: D
7.) Income of the people are measured through
a.) Per capita GDP
b.) Consumption expenditure
c.) Both of the above
d.) None of the above
Answer: C
8.) Which of the following natural resources are not found in Odisha.
a.) Coal
b.) Thorium
c.) Bauxite
d.) Iron
Answer: B
9.) According to UNDP what is literacy rate
a.) Percentage of population aged above 20 is literate.
b.) Percentage of population aged above 15 is literate.
c.) Percentage of population aged above 18 is literate.
d.) Percentage of population aged above 25 is literate.
Answer: B
10.) Income among countries can be best compared by measuring
a.) Purchasing power parity
b.) Per capita income
c.) GDP
d.) Per capita GDP
Answer: A
Very short
1.) What are public facilities?
The common facilities which make long term impact on the lives of people are known as public facilities. For example, pollution free environment, education etc.
2.) What is the objective of public distribution system?
To provide food grains and other necessities at subsidised rates.
3.) What is malnourishment?
If the height and weight of the child is not as expected at a certain age, the child is considered malnourished.
4.) What are the indicators of development used by UNDP?
Education, health, and life expectancy.
5.) Per capita GDP indicates what?
It is an indicator of average availability.
6.) What is per capita GDP?
It is an average obtained by dividing the total output of the country by the total population.
7.) Name the decision-making body at the village level.
Gram Sabha
8.) What are the uses of land?
Land is used for mining minerals, setting up industries, soil for agricultural purposes etc.
9.) What was the concern of environmentalists regarding the development?
They were concerned about the adverse effects of large-scale industrialisation like pollution, deforestation, wildlife extinction, man-animal conflicts etc.
10.) What is consumption expenditure?
It indicates the expenses of people on obtaining goods and services required by them.
Short
1.) How can universal rights lead to public welfare?
Universal rights are the rights which are available to everyone without any discrimination. It can lead to public welfare because it provides certain facilities free to everyone which may not have been free earlier. For example, opening a school in a village or town would provide an opportunity for every citizen to study.
2.) Why it is important to provide universal rights that leads to public welfare?
Individual rights may create a conflict of interest between two or more people. So, it is important to provide universal rights which gives every individual equal opportunity to develop without compromising with the others’ rights.
3.) Which indicator helps to estimate the income earned by people?
The total production of goods and services of a country helps to estimate the income earned by people. It is best calculated by per capita gross domestic product as an indicator.
4.) What shows a developed society?
Developed society is the one which scores high in indicators like income, literacy rate, life expectancy and nutrition levels.
5.) What is life expectancy?
It is the average life span of an individual. It indicates the number of years a newborn child is expected to live. It indicates the all-round development of the country.
6.) What is the main function of UNDP?
UNDP publishes human development reports which indicate the overall development of the country on various indicators. It considers education, health, and life expectancy as indicators to compare the development in different countries.
7.) What is literacy rate?
The percentage of population aged above 15 years of age who can read and write with understanding are considered literate. It is an important indicator of development.
8.) Mention some examples of public facilities.
Some examples of public facilities are clean pollution free environment, security, clean environment to prevent the spread of diseases etc.
9.) What is consumption expenditure?
The amount of money spent by an individual on his daily expenses is known as consumption expenditure. It is an indicator of the development of the nation.
10.) What is the purpose of dams?
Dams are embankments made to store water. It is constructed for irrigation and makes water easily available for daily use. It helps to handle the drought conditions in the country.
Long
1.) Why there is widespread discontent regarding development schemes in India?
A widespread discontent in visible in recent years in India regarding the development schemes which are being carried out. There is increased concentration on industrialization and industrialists mainly focus upon extracting the natural resources and setting up factories to earn profits. In turn they claim that they will provide employment and better living conditions for the people. But land is acquired for setting up industries and mines which deprive the native population of their land rights. They also degrade the environment which deprives the local people of their sources of livelihood and clean environment. While adequate rehabilitation is not provided this leads to conflicts in societies.
2.) Why is malnutrition an important indicator of development?
According to scientific reports, from birth upto five years age is an important phase in human development. In this phase most of the mental development takes place. For example, children who are malnourished in infancy can be affected for life. Malnourishment can be measured in two ways- the height and weight at different ages. If the height is not as expected at a certain age, then the child is considered malnourished. Similarly, if the weight is also less than expected at a certain age, then a child is considered malnourished. It is one of the most important indicators of development.
3.) How is the distribution of income measured?
The two best ways of measuring the distribution of income are per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and consumption expenditure. Per capita GDP measures the total production of goods and services in the country. It helps to estimate the income earned by the people. It is obtained by dividing the total output of the country by the total population of the country. It indicates the average availability of goods and services in an economy, but it does not necessarily mean that all people in the country get this value of goods and services. Whereas the consumption expenditure is also an important indicator as it shows the amount of money spent by any individual on his needs and wants. This data is usually collected by government surveys.
4.) Explain the various indicators used by the United Nations Development Program for measuring the development of any country?
The United Nations Development Program publishes human development reports which rank countries according to their development status on three indicators. They are- life expectancy, literacy, and health. Life expectancy is the average life span which a newborn baby is expected to live. The literacy rate is the percentage of population above 15 years of age who are able to read and write with understanding. Whereas the health indicator is measured by the prevalence of malnourishment. Children who have less body weight or height according to their age are considered malnourished. From birth to five years of age is important for mental and physical development. If necessary, food grains and nutritive items are not available in this stage it could lead to severe malnourishment. So, these are the three indicators which are used by the United Nations Development Program to measure the development status of various countries.
5.) What are the challenges which came up because of industrialization?
The process of industrialization has witnessed many contradictions which led to large scale protests in various parts of the country. The major reasons for these protests are-
- Large scale displacement of people because of land acquisition.
- Loss of employment and means of livelihood.
- Loss of cultural affinity with nature, which leads to social conflicts.
- Loss of fertile agricultural land.
- Environmental degradation and pollution.
- Loss of traditional lifestyle.
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