Telangana SCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 13 Solution – National Liberation Movements in the Colonies. Here in this post we have provided Class 10 Social Science National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class X Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 13 National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Solution:
1.) Match the following
Ans: o Sun Yat-sen – Nationalism Democracy and Socialism
o Chiang Kaishek – Militarised the nation
o Mao Zedong – Peasant revolution
o Ken Saro Wiwa – Environmental movement
2.) Trace the changes in the role of women seen in China over the decades.Why is it similar or different from that of USSR and Germany?
Ans: At the beginning of the 20th century, China was ruled by emperors of Manchu dynasty. The Manchu empire was overthrown in 1911and a republic was established under Sun-Yat-Sen (1866-1925). Yat-Sen is regarded as the founder of modern China.A whole generation of people came together to attack the old traditions and to save China through modern science, democracy and nationalism. Revolutionaries wanted the foreigners to leave China because they were controlling the country’s resources. They also wanted to remove inequalities and reduce poverty from the Chinese society. They advocated many changes in society such as use of simple language and script, abolishing the subordination of women and the practice of foot-binding (a cruel practice of not allowing women to have fully grown feet). They also demanded for equality in marriage, and economic development to end poverty.The Guomindang’s (KMT) social base was in urban areas of China. Industrial growth was slow and limited at that time. By 1919, an industrial working class of around 5, 00,000 people had appeared in cities like Shanghai. These cities later became the centre of modern growth. However, only a small percentage of these people were employed in modern industries such as ship building. Most were ‘petty urbanites’ (xiao shimin), traders and shopkeepers. Urban workers, particularly women, earned very low wages. They were now organising themselves into trade unions. Working hours were long and conditions of work were bad. As ideas of freedom became popular, there was a growing concern with women’s rights, ways to build a family based on equality and discussions about love and romance. Many schools and universities came up to help in the social and cultural change (Peking University was established in 1902). Chiang was a conservative and he encouraged women to have the four virtues of ‘chastity, appearance, speech and work’. He thought that women’s roles should be limited to the household. Even the length of hemlines worn by women (frock like dress for women) was prescribed. He also tried to suppress the trade union movements to encourage factory owners.
3.) After the overthrow of monarchy, China had two different types of regimes.How were they similar or different?
Ans: At the beginning of the 20th century, China was ruled by emperors of Manchu dynasty. Manchu dynasty was unsuccessful in defending the interests of China from the western colonial powers.The Manchu empire was overthrown in 1911and a republic was established under Sun-Yat-Sen (1866-1925).His programme was called the Three Principles (San min chui). These principles were: “nationalism” – this meant overthrowing the Manchu dynasty, which was seen as a foreign dynasty, as well as other western imperialists; “democracy” or establishing democratic government; and “socialism” which meant controlling industries and land reforms to distribute land to the landless peasants. Even after the Manchu dynasty was overthrown and a republic was declared, the republican government led by Sun-Yat-Sen was unable to come to power. The country was soon controlled by regional military powers called “war lords”.On 4th May 1919, people demonstrated in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the Versailles peace conference. After the republican revolution, the country entered a period of great disturbance. The Guomindang (the National People’s Party also called as Kuo-Min-Tang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) emerged as two major parties.
The Guomindang’s (KMT) social base was in urban areas of China. Industrial growth was slow and limited at that time. By 1919, an industrial working class of around 5, 00,000 people had appeared in cities like Shanghai. These cities later became the centre of modern growth. However, only a small percentage of these people were employed in modern industries such as ship building. Most were ‘petty urbanites’ (xiao shimin), traders and shopkeepers. Urban workers, particularly women, earned very low wages. They were now organising themselves into trade unions. Chiang was a conservative and he encouraged women to have the four virtues of ‘chastity, appearance, speech and work’. He thought that women’s roles should be limited to the household. Even the length of hemlines worn by women (frock like dress for women) was prescribed. He also tried to suppress the trade union movements to encourage factory owners. The Guomindang, despite its attempts to unite the country, failed because of its narrow social base and limited political vision. A major plan in Sun Yat-sen’s programme was to control the capital and equalise land.
When the Japanese invaded China in 1937, the Guomindang withdrew themselves. The long and exhausting war had made China weak. Between 1945 and 1949, prices rose 30 per cent per month. All this had completely destroyed the lives of ordinary people. Rural China faced two crises: one ecological, with soil exhaustion, deforestation and floods, and the second, a socio-economic one caused by exploitation through land-tenure systems, indebtedness, primitive technology and poor communications. The CCP had been founded in 1921, soon after the Russian Revolution. The success of the Russian revolution had a powerful influence around the world. Leaders such as Lenin established the Comintern in March 1918 to help bring together a world government that would end exploitation. The Comintern and the Soviet Union supported communist parties around the world. But they followed the traditional Marxist idea that only the working class in the cities could bring a revolution.
4.) Countries discussed in the chapter were all mostly dependent on agriculture.What were the measures taken in these countries to change these practices?
Ans: The measures taken in these countries to change these practiceswas to reduce and stop these problems:
i) one ecological problem, with soil exhaustion, deforestation and floods,
ii) second, a socio-economic problem, one caused by exploitation through land-tenure systems, indebtedness, primitive technology and poor communications.
Land reform was launched in 1950-51 after two years of relatively peaceful attempts to understand rural situation and forming peasant associations etc. The major steps were: a class identification of all the people living in the villages, followed by the confiscation and redistribution of landlord land and other productive property. Work teams that were dispatched by county-level land reform committees played A leading role in the process. One of their main functions was to set up peasant associations and select activists from them for local leadership positions. This new leadership was mostly from the poor peasants and middle peasants. In many areas, middle peasants were able to dominate because they were more skilled. In addition, the work teams mobilised the villages against the landlords through mass meetings and trials. The landlords were made to face public humiliation. A large number of members of this class were also executed in these trials, perhaps 10 to 20 lakh individuals.
5.) Who owned industries in countries discussed above and what policies werebrought in to change the systems? Make a table to compare them.
Ans:
Country |
Industry owned by | Period | Policies |
China | Britain | 1815-1902 |
Accepted technological changes and needed skilful new labours. |
Vietnam |
France | 1787-1954 | Accepted technological changes alongside played a role in new inventions, and also played a key role in helping and supporting the developing countries. |
Nigeria | Britain | 1851-1960 |
The military system violated the human rights and failed to collaborate with the oil industries while extracting oil in an unhealthy and compromising way. |
6.) Compare the national movement in India and Nigeria – can you explain whyit was stronger in India?
Ans: India was ruled by the British since 1858. It was very difficult for the British to assert dominance over India as, India had a huge population. Therefore, the British decided to divide the Indians according to their religion, caste, creed, colour and rule all over the innocent masses. In this way, the British had a high stability of dominance and political leadership over the Indians. Later, Mahatma Gandhi formed the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1920, which fought for India’s independence and did many national movements, which forced the British to leave India, and on 15th August, 1947 India got its independence.
The country we know as Nigeria today was actually created by the British by bringing together different regions around the Niger river system where people of different tribal groups lived. Northern Nigeria is dominated by Hausa-Fulani people who are predominantly Muslims. The South Eastern part of Nigeria is dominated by Igbo (pronounced as eebo) tribes while the South Western portions are dominated by Yoruba tribes. While the people in southern areas are mostly Christians due to long years of missionary activity, many people still practice tribal religious beliefs. Before a common democratic political system was built, modern Nigeria faced many conflicts between these three regions. Today also, the legacy of colonialism continues in Nigeria because of European control over its natural resources, especially petroleum.
Nigerian nationalism grew in popularity and power in the post-World War II period as Nigerian economy faced difficult times. Nigerian soldiers and the trade union leaders were the backbone of this movement. These soldiers had returned after fighting for the British side in the World War. In 1945, a national general strike was organised by radical nationalist trade unionists. Nigerian nationalist had the twin task of fighting the British and also unifying the diverse and conflicting ethnic groups of Nigeria. The national movement was stronger in south Nigeria which was more developed as compared to the north. This created a north-south divide between the two regions. Even in the south, there were ethnic conflict between the Yoruba and the Igbos. By the 1950s, these threeregions also had their own anti-colonial movements led by regional parties: the conservative Northern People’s Congress (NPC) in the north; the National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in the east, and the Action Group (AG) in the west.After the wave of nationalism in Nigeria, the British decided to hand over power to the Nigerians. They made a complex federal system which made the three major regions of Nigeria autonomous. Nigeria became independent on 1st October, 1963. Unfortunately, a just and democratic balance could not happen. Soon civil war started in Nigeria. Military rule started soon and reinforced the domination of the north. People made many attempts to bring in civilian and democratic governments but these failed again and again. The military regime and multinational Oil corporations which funded the corrupt rulers worked together. They spread corruption and suppression of human rights in Nigeria.
7.) What are the challenges faced by the independent Nigerian nation? In whatways is it similar or different from the challenges faced by independent India?
Ans: Oil was discovered in the Niger Delta in 1950s and soon various multinational companies headed by the Dutch Shell company got the rights for oil drilling. Today, it is the most important natural resource of Nigeria. Most of the oil wells are owned by these corporations which extract Nigerian oil and share part of its profits with the military rulers. But the commonpeople get very little benefit from this. In addition, the coastal environment of Nigeria has been disturbed because of reckless oil extraction by foreign oil companies. Oil spillage from oil wells has a major impact on the ecosystem. Large areas of the mangrove forests, which are especially susceptible to oil, have been destroyed. This is mainly because oil is stored in the soil and re-released annually. Around 5–10% of Nigerian mangrove ecosystems have been destroyed either by clearing or oil. Spills destroy crops and aqua culture through contamination of the groundwater and soil. Drinking water is also frequently contaminated, and sheen of oil is visible in many local bodies of water. Even if there is no immediate health effect of this water contamination, it can cause cancer in the long term. Offshore spills, which are usually much bigger in scale, contaminate the coastal environments and cause a decline in the local fish production. Throughout the early 1990s, there was growing unrest, particularly in the Niger Delta region. The various ethnic groups began demanding compensation for the ecological damage that has been happening for many years as well as control over their land’s oil resources. This unrest initially started as peaceful activist organisations that united their members on the basis of ethnicity. However, in 1990 an eminent human rights activist and environmentalist Ken Saro Wiwa was executed by the military government despite international protests. Since then the situation has been tense.
Post-independence, India faced two main challenges, which were social and cultural issues related to caste, colour, religion discrimination, and economic issues as it took time for India to recover from the economic damage caused by the British.
8.) Unlike India, Nigeria did not have to struggle so hard for freedom. Can you find some explanations for this?
Ans: The region of river Niger is one of the most densely populated countries of Africa. This region has suffered from different kinds of colonial rule. From the 16th century onwards, it was a major source of slaves for America. Tribal peasants were captured in the interior of the forests and sold to European slave traders. After slave trade was abolished in 19th century, a new interest developed for colonial powers in the trade of the agricultural produce of this area, especially palm oil and cocoa. The British established their rule over the coastal areas in 1861. They developed Lagos as their centre of administration, trade and education in Western Africa. The struggle against colonialism also started in Lagos and Pan Africanism and Nigerian Nationalism emerged here.South Nigeria got access to modern education and administrative modernisation but pre-modern traditions continued in the north. Because of this, many differences came up between the two regions. The north was not able to develop a modern educated social class. In 1939, the British also separated the Yoruba and Igbo regions into Western and Eastern Nigeria and encouraged competition and conflict between the three major tribal groups. They followed the policy of ‘divide and rule’ in the country.A section of western educated intellectuals responded to this policy. They developed the idea of a common Nigerian nation and began to fight the British rule. Herbert Macaulay founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), the first Nigerian political party, in 1923. The NNDP won all the seats in the elections of 1923, 1928 and 1933. In the 1930s, Macaulay also supported militant attacks on the British colonial government. In 1936, the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) was founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe. NYM appealed to all Nigerians regardless of cultural background. It quickly grew into a powerful political movement. In 1944, Macaulay and NYM leader Azikiwe agreed to form the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Azikiwe became the dominant Nigerian nationalist leader. He also supported pan-Africanism and a pan-Nigerian based nationalist movement. Nigerian nationalism grew in popularity and power in the post-World War II period as Nigerian economy faced difficult times. Nigerian soldiers and the trade union leaders were the backbone of this movement. These soldiers had returned after fighting for the British side in the World War. In 1945, a national general strike was organised by radical nationalist trade unionists.
9.) Freedom struggle in these countries involved wars against the rulers. Brieflydescribe its impact.
Ans: i) These wars have brought famine and drought in many places over these countries.
ii) There has been a huge economic impact in these countries.
iii) Most of their natural resources have been exploited at a great scale.
iv) The divide and rule policy has brought a huge discrimination among many religious groups.
v) Destruction of the infrastructure of cities, towns and villages.