Telangana SCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 14 Solution – National Movement in India – Partition & Independence: 1939-1947. Here in this post we have provided Class 10 Social Science National Movement in India – Partition & Independence: 1939-1947 Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class X Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 14 National Movement in India – Partition & Independence: 1939-1947 Solution:
1.) Make a table and show how different groups, and individuals in India responded to World War II? What dilemmas were faced by thesegroups?
Ans:
Name | Responses |
Farmers and low income groups | Didn’t want war. Wanted to oppose to the war. |
Female/ Women | Didn’t want war. Wanted to oppose to the war. |
People who worked at the industries and factories | They opposed to the war |
Scholars/ People who pursued education | They opposed the spread of Nazism and wanted the war to take place. |
Muslim League | Supported the war and the British and wanted to grow their power. |
Congress Leaders | Supported the war |
2.) Given the brutal manner in which particular communities like Jewsand others were treated in Germany, do you think it would havebeen morally right to support Germany or Japan?
Ans: Japan didn’t actually was against Germany, but was supporting Germany. It was because, Japan not being a Nazi country itself, had same leadership goals so as to Germany, and also had enemy countries which were also Germany’s enemy country.
In case, it wouldn’t have been morally right to support Germany or Japan, because of their inhuman practices. In Germany, the Jews were secluded out of the economy, the Jews were harassed and also put behind bars without any reason as Hitler hated the Jews. In the same way, Japan also had the same goal as Germany. As Germany focused on Nazi goals, Japan focused on leadership goals against other countries.
3.) Make a list of various reasons for the Partition of the country.
Ans: i) Muslim League was formed in 1906. Till the 1930s, it mainly represented the interests of Muslim landlords of UP and did not have much mass support. It had demanded that the British should create separate seats in all councils for which only Muslims would vote. It had argued that since the majority people in many areas were Hindus, there were more chances of Hindus getting elected to councils.
- ii) During this period, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS), a national cultural organisation were mobilizing the Hindus. These organisations wished to unite all the Hindus and overcome the divisions of caste and sect to reform their social life. They also gave out the message that India was the land of the Hindus who were in a majority.
iii) Many people now felt that the separate governing arrangements were needed for regions where Muslims were in majority. For example, the Urdu poet Mohammad Iqbal, the writer of the song “Sare Jahan Se Achha Hindustan Hamara”, spoke of a need for a “North- West Indian Muslim state” in his presidential address to the Muslim League in 1930.
- iv) The political situation in India changed when British started following the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ and Congress failed to address the fears of Muslims. On 23 March 1940, the Muslim League moved a resolution and demanded autonomy for the parts of the subcontinent where Muslim were in majority. This ambiguous resolution never mentioned partition or Pakistan.
- v) From 1940 to 1946, the League convinced Muslim masses about the benefits and need for a separate nation. Peasants could imagine a state where Hindu zamindars and moneylenders did not exploit them. Traders, businessmen and job seekers could think of a state where competition from Hindu traders, businessmen and job seekers would not be there. There would be greater religious freedom. There would be fredom for the Muslim elite to run the government the way they wanted. From 1942 to 1945, most Congress leaders were in jail. The League made use of the time to build its base among the people.
4.) What were the different ways in which power sharing among different communities wasorganised before Partition?
Ans: i) Muslim League was formed in 1906. Till the 1930s, it mainly represented the interests of Muslim landlords of UP and did not have much mass support. It had demanded that the British should create separate seats in all councils for which only Muslims would vote.
- ii) In Hyderabad, the Communist party led a massive movement of farmers of the Telangana region. The Telangana farmers opposed the large land owners and demanded that debts of farmers be cancelled. They also demanded that bonded labour should be stopped and land be distributed to those who worked on it. The peasants took up arms to fight against the rulers and their armies. Almost 3000 villages were part of the movement. Another armed revolt of peasants took place in Travancore (Kerala) in Punnapra-Vayala
iii) The Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS), a national cultural organisation were mobilizing the Hindus. These organisations wished to unite all the Hindus and overcome the divisions of caste and sect to reform their social life. They also gave out the message that India was the land of the Hindus who were in a majority. Many Congressmen were also impressed with the activities of these organisations.
5.) How did British colonialists practice their ‘divide and rule’ policy in India? How was itsimilar or different from what you have studied about Nigeria?
Ans: The British started questioning the right of the Congress to represent the people of the country. Now, they followed the ‘Divide and Rule Policy’ more vigorously. To achieve this, the British government supported and encouraged the plans of the Muslim League and gave little importance to the Congress. In this period, the Muslim League and its leaders like M. A. Jinnah became more active in mass politics. Many people now felt that the separate governing arrangements were needed for regions where Muslims were in majority. For example, the Urdu poet Mohammad Iqbal, the writer of the song “Sare Jahan Se Achha Hindustan Hamara”, spoke of a need for a “North- West Indian Muslim state” in his presidential address to the Muslim League in 1930. The name Pakistan or Pak-stan (from Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan) was coined by a Punjabi Muslim student at Cambridge, Choudhry Rehmat Ali. This young student wrote pamphlets between 1933 and 1935. He desired a separate national status for this new entity. No one took Rehmat Ali seriously in the 1930s, especially the League and other Muslim leaders who dismissed his idea merely as a student’s dream. The political situation in India changed when British started following the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ and Congress failed to address the fears of Muslims. On 23 March 1940, the Muslim League moved a resolution and demanded autonomy for the parts of the subcontinent where Muslim were in majority. This ambiguous resolution never mentioned partition or Pakistan. However, in later years, it became known as the Pakistan resolution. People were thinking of different ways to solve the issues raised by the League and a new nation state of Pakistan was one among these alternatives. But since the discussions and negotiations were not working out, the idea of a separate nation state of Pakistan became stronger. The Congress was unable to fulfill the demands of M A Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League. From 1940 to 1946, the League convinced Muslim masses about the benefits and need for a separate nation. Peasants could imagine a state where Hindu zamindars and moneylenders did not exploit them. Traders, businessmen and job seekers could think of a state where competition from Hindu traders, businessmen and job seekers would not be there. There would be greater religious freedom. There would befreedom for the Muslim elite to run the government the way they wanted. From 1942 to 1945, most Congress leaders were in jail. The League made use of the time to build its base among the people.
6.) What were the different ways in which religion was used in politics before Partition?
Ans: i) Muslim League was formed in 1906. Till the 1930s, it mainly represented the interests of Muslim landlords of UP and did not have much mass support. It had demanded that the British should create separate seats in all councils for which only Muslims would vote. It had argued that since the majority people in many areas were Hindus, there were more chances of Hindus getting elected to councils. If this happened, Muslims would not be able to protect their interests in the government. But, if a certain number of seats were reserved for Muslims for which only the Muslim population of an area would vote, these Muslim members would be able to raise the concerns and problems of Muslims.
ii) The League pointed out many issues. It blamed that Congress was insensitive to the needs of Muslims. For example, the Congress refused to form a coalition government with the Muslim League in the United Provinces where it too had won many seats. The Congress had banned its members from taking membership of the Muslim League. Congress members could be members of the Hindu Mahasabha before. But this was also banned from 1938, only after objections from Muslim Congressmen like Maulana Azad. Thus, the League created the impression that Congress was basically a Hindu party and did not want to share power with the Muslims.
iii) During this period, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS), a national cultural organisation were mobilizing the Hindus. These organisations wished to unite all the Hindus and overcome the divisions of caste and sect to reform their social life. They also gave out the message that India was the land of the Hindus who were in a majority. Many Congressmen were also impressed with the activities of these organisations.
iv) They wanted to change the wrong impression that was being created in their minds by the messages and activities of organisations like the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha and the RSS. Congress argued that Hindus and Muslims were not people of two different nations, but part and parcel of one Indian nation. However, the British were eagerly listening to the fears of the League about Hindu domination and suggesting ways to make the Muslims secure.
7.) How were workers and peasants mobilised during the last years of freedom struggle?
Ans: From 1940 to 1946, the League convinced Muslim masses about the benefits and need for a separate nation. Peasants could imagine a state where Hindu zamindars and moneylenders did not exploit them. Traders, businessmen and job seekers could think of a state where competition from Hindu traders, businessmen and job seekers would not be there. There would be greater religious freedom.
The year 1946 was a year of strikes and work stoppages in factories and mills in many parts of the country. CPI and the Socialist parties were active in these movements. The countryside was also on the boil. An agitation was started in Bengal by small and poor peasants who took land of the bigger landowners to cultivate. They demanded that their share of harvest should be increased to two portions out of three instead of half or even less. This was eventually given to them at that time. This was called the Tebhaga movement and was led by the Provincial Kisan Sabha.
In Hyderabad, the Communist party led a massive movement of farmers of the Telangana region. The Telangana farmers opposed the large land owners and demanded that debts of farmers be cancelled. They also demanded that bonded labour should be stopped and land be distributed to those who worked on it. The peasants took up arms to fight against the rulers and their armies. Almost 3000 villages were part of the movement. Another armed revolt of peasants took place in Travancore (Kerala) in Punnapra-Vayalar.
After. 15th August 1947, there were around 550 Princely states in India. These states enjoyed different levels of sovereignty but all were under British power. As the British were going to withdraw from India, these princely states were going to become independent. They were asked to decide if they wanted to join India, Pakistan or remain independent. The ordinary people of the princely states had become aware of democratic rights through participation in Praja Mandal movements. They did not want the princely families to continue to rule over them. In Travancore and Hyderabad, peasants were revolting with arms against the ruling zamindars. The Congress supported the movements of the people of the princely states and declared that they should join India in making the new Constitution of the country. Sardar Patel was given charge of this matter in July 1947. He begandiscussions with the princes about the necessity to join India.The government of these princely states was taken over and the princes were given pension funds called privy-purse to meet their personal expenses. New administrative units were created by combining different territories. The first phase of this process of creating the new states of India went on till 1956. Interestingly, in 1971, the government of India abolished the privy purses and titles used by the former princely families.
8.) How did Partition affect the lives of ordinary people? What was the political responseto mass migration following Partition?
Ans: There was unrest, unhappiness and discontent in different parts of India when the INA trials started. The issue of Hindu- Muslim identity and separatist politics often became unimportant during such times. For example, many of the INA soldiers who were being tried for treason were Muslims, yet the people’s anger and sympathy gave no thought to the religion of the soldiers.People were restless because of food shortages, rationing of food, high prices, black marketeering and hoarding. Workers were angry about low wages. Railway, postal employees and other government employees were planning to go on India wide strike against prices. On 18th February 1946, the guards or Ratings of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay harbour went on hunger strike to protest against bad food and behaviour of their British officers. The strike rapidly spread to other naval men on the Bombay shore and all the naval bases in India. The navy men put up the tricolour, the crescent and the hammer and sickle flags jointly on the mast of the ship. A Naval Central Strike committee was elected with M S Khan as its head. The strike committee demanded better food, equal pay for white and Indian sailors. They also demanded for the release of INA and other political prisoners and withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia. 78 ships, 20 shore establishments, and 20,000 Ratings took part in the strike. Hundreds of students, both Hindus and Muslims, came out on the streets of Bombay to support them. They also clashed with the police and the army. On February 22, 3 lakh mill workers put down their tools in Bombay and fought violently for 2 days on the streets with the police and the army. The year 1946 was a year of strikes and work stoppages in factories and mills in many parts of the country. CPI and the Socialist parties were active in these movements. The countryside was also on the boil. An agitation was started in Bengal by small and poor peasants who took land of the bigger landowners to cultivate. They demanded that their share of harvest should be increased to two portions out of three instead of half or even less. This was eventually given to them at that time.
When the Muslim nation, Pakistan, was created, a painful and unimaginable situation arose for many people. Most Hindus living on Pakistani side of the border felt insecure and forced to leave their homes. So did many Muslims, living on the other side of this border. Not all the people wanted this, not all the people understood why this was happening. They felt anger and hatred against each other for being forced to move out of their homes, villages and cities. Around 1.5 crore people, both Hindus and Muslims, were displaced. They killed, looted and burnt each other. Between two to five lakh people, both Muslims and Hindus, were killed. Somewere became refugees, lived in relief camps, and travelled on trains to find shelters. Mahatma Gandhi moved amongst the riot hit people, in camps and hospitals. He was trying to spread the message of peace and brotherhood. This was not the freedom and Swaraj he had worked so hard to achieve.
9.) Integration of various princely states into the new Indian nation was a challenging task.Discuss.
Ans: There were around 550 Princely states in India. These states enjoyed different levels of sovereignty but all were under British power. As the British were going to withdraw from India, these princely states were going to become independent. They were asked to decide if they wanted to join India, Pakistan or remain independent. The ordinary people of the princely states had become aware of democratic rights through participation in Praja Mandal movements. They did not want the princely families to continue to rule over them. In Travancore and Hyderabad, peasants were revolting with arms against the ruling zamindars. The Congress supported the movements of the people of the princely states and declared that they should join India in making the new Constitution of the country. Sardar Patel was given charge of this matter in July 1947. He begandiscussions with the princes about the necessity to join India. He even made it clear that if they did not do so, the army would have to be sent to complete the process of unification. By 15th August 1947, all states except Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh had agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession with India. These three states were also made to join in the next two years. The government of these princely states was taken over and the princes were given pension funds called privy-purse to meet their personal expenses. New administrative units were created by combining different territories. The first phase of this process of creating the new states of India went on till 1956. Interestingly, in 1971, the government of India abolished the privy purses and titles used by the former princely families. The modern India that you know came into being. In 1947, it was a poor nation with low human development indicators and bad infrastructural facilities. In two centuries, colonialism had blocked the development of the country and tried to destroy the self-confidence of its people. Building a modern self-dependent and equitable nation in India was both a challenge and an opportunity.
10.) Locate the following in the political map of India.
a) Kashmir b) Hyderabad c) Junagarh d) Bengal e) Travancore
Ans:
11.) Which qualities do you like in Subhash Chandra Bose? Why
Ans: i) Being the leader and making the right decision needed for the country.
ii) The way he challenged the peaceful protest and started a revolutionary way of reaching the extent of violence for independence.
iii) He passed the Civil Services exam in his first attempt which proves his intelligence.
iv) He followed the Bhagwad Gita and followed and believed in God.