Selina Concise Class 10 Biology Solution Chapter No. 12- ‘The Endocrine System’ For ICSE Board Students.
Progress check
1.) Solution:
i) Answer:- Regulation of activities inside the body are brought about by nervous and endocrine
ii) Answer:- Hormones are secreted directly into the blood
iii) Answer:- Chemically, some hormones are proteins some steroids, some amines.
iv) Answer:- Both Excess or deficiency of hormones lead to serious consequences.
v) Answer:- Hormones produced in one species usually show similar influence in other species
2) Give the characteristics of hormones pertaining to
i) Site of action
Answer:- the site of action of hormones is normally far from their sources. The hormones are transport by blood from their source to target peptides.
ii) Chemical nature
Answer:- Chemical nature of hormones are – peptides like insulin ( water – soluble ) , amines such as Adrenaline ( water – soluble ) and steroids – testosterone ( lipid – soluble ).
iii) Manner of transportation
Answer :- The hormones are Transported through the blood to the different sites which are targeted.
Progress check
1) Solution:
Answer :-
The three types of the islets of Langerhans is as follows with Their Hormones.
A) beta cells – insulin
B) alpha cells – Glucagon
C) delta cells – somatostatin
2) Solution:
Answer :-
The two principal ways in which insulin acts as,
A) Glucose utilisation – glucose utilisation is promoted by the body cells, these results into the decrease in the blood sugar levels.
B) Deposition of extra glucose – the deposition of extra Glucose Is stimulated by insulin as glycogen in muscles and liver.
3) Solution:
i) Answer :- the condition of high amount of glucose in the urine is known as glycosuria.
ii) Answer :- these condition is known as Insulin shock or Hypoglycaemia in which the over dose of insulin makes the diabetic patient faint or unconscious.
4) Solution:
Answer:-
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus are –
i) Skin gets very dry
ii) Extreme level of hunger
iii) Tired feeling for longer time.
5) Solution:
Answer :- the two type of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex are
i) Glucocorticoids
ii) Mineral corticosteroids
6) Solution:
Answer :-
The two effects of adrenaline are –
1) It increases the blood pressure
2) It increases the heart rate.
Progress check
1) Solution:
i) Answer :- Thyroid located close to
ii) Answer :- cretinism is caused due to undersecretion of thyroxine.
iii) Answer :- over secretion of thyroxine causes Exophthalmic goitre.
iv) Answer :- The condition showing swelling in face and hands and sluggishness due to hypothyroidism is called Myxoedema .
v) Answer :-
The hormone concerned with facing dangers is adrenaline.
vi) Answer :- Cortex and medulla are the two regions of adrenal.
vii) Answer :- One of the effects of increased secretion of adrenaline is dry mouth.
Progress check
1) Solution:
i) Answer :- true
ii) Answer :- true
iii) Answer :- true
iv) Answer :-
Vasopressin secreted by Posterior lobe controls reabsorption of water from kidney tubule.
2) Solution:
i) TSH
Answer:- Thyroid stimulating hormone
ii) LH
Answer :- luteinizing hormone
iii) ACTH
Answer :- adrenocorticotropic hormone.
iv) ADH
Answer :- antidiuretic hormone
3) Solution:
i) Acromegaly
Answer :- it is the condition in which the pituitary gland produced to much growth hormone. It is generally causes by an non- cancerous tumour which is present in the pituitary gland. These tumour is known as adenoma.
ii) Diabetes insipidus
Answer :- the condition of diabetes insipidus is caused by the hormone vasopressin. Vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone.
Exercise Questions Solution:
A.) Solution
1) A gland having endocrine as well as exocrine function is
Answer:- c) pancreas
Explanation: Pancreas is the only organ which has duct gland also ductless gland i.e. endocrine as well as exocrine gland. Other hormone are Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal have only one type of gland.
2) Exophthalmic goitre is caused due to the over activity of
Answer:- b) thyroid
Explanation: Hyperthyroidism i.e oversecretion of thyroid hormone causes the exophthalmic goitre.
3) The deficiency of ADH causes :
Answer:- b) Diabetes insipidus
Explanation: ADH is the antidiuretic hormone which under secretion causes the diabetes insipidus.
B.) Solution
1) Name the following
a) Answer:- Adrenal Medulla produces the hormone Adrenaline.
b) Answer:- the condition caused by over secretion of the insulin is known as Hypoglycaemia.
c) Answer:- The hormone which are secreted by beta cells of islets of Langerhans is Insulin.
d) Answer:- a narrow isthmus is the interconnection between the two lobes of thyroid gland.
e) Answer:- the hormone causing more urine formation due to Undersecretion is vasopressin or Anti – diuretic Hormone.
f) Answer:- The hormone which stimulates the entire sympathetic nervous system is Adrenaline.
2) Solution:
Answer:- If there was hypo secretion from the thyroid, then the child would suffer from some symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Every child suffer from different symptoms and also these are different from adult person. The congenital hypothyroidism increased the cardiovascular, skeletal system and genitourinary systems risk.
3) Solution:
a) Answer:- odd gland is – prostate gland.
b) Asnwer:- odd condition is – scurvy
d) Answer:- the odd hormonal source – cretinism
4.) Solution:
Answer:-
Column I | Answers
Column II |
1 b (beta) cells of islets of Langerhans | g) insulin |
2. Thyroid | c) Exophthalmic goitre |
3. Cretinism | h) Undersecretion of thyroxine in a child |
4( Addison’s diseases | b) Undersecretion of glucocorticoids |
1. Hyperthyroidism | e) thyroxine |
2. Myxoedema | a) Condition due to Under secretion of thyroxine in adults |
3. Adrenaline | d) increase hearts beat |
4. Cortisone | f) adrenal cortex |
5) Solution:
Answer:-
A ( condition) | B (Answer) |
A( Dwarfism and mental retardation
|
v) Hypothyroidism |
B) diabetes mellitus | I) excess of glucose in blood.
|
C) shortage of glucose in blood
|
Iii) insulin shock. |
D) gigantism | ii) oversecretion of growth hormone
|
E) enlargement of breasts in adult males
|
vi) oversecretion of cortical hormones |
F) Exophthalmic goitre | iv) oversecretion of thyroxine. |
6) Solution:
a) Answer:-Larynx
Larynx is the sound box of human body.
While the other prolactin, testosterone, and glucagon are hormones.
b) Answer:-penicillin
Penicillin is an antibiotic medicine.
While the other Adrenaline, insulin and thyroxine are Hormone.
c) Answer:- adrenaline
Adrenaline is an hormone
While the other are stomach, ileum and liver are parts of digestive system.
d) Answer:- insulin
Insulin is an hormone which is secreted by the pancreas.
While the other TSH, GH, ADH are also hormones but secreted by Pituitary gland.
e) Answer:- Iodine
Iodine is an element which is important for the synthesis of hormone thyroxine.
While the other goitre, cretinism and myxoedema are the diseases which occurs due to the deficiency of thyroxine hormone.
7) Solution:
a) Answer:-
Beta cells : insulin :: Alpha cells : glucagon
b) Answer:-
Children: cretinism :: adults : myxoedema
c) Answer:-
Undersecretion: Dwarfism :: oversecretion : gigantism
d) Answer:-
Diabetes mellitus: Insulin :: Diabetes insipidus :
Vasopressin
C) Solution:
1) Solution:
a)
Answer:- diabetes mellitus .
b)
Answer:- simple goitre. ( Hypothyroidism)
c)
Answer:- cretinism .( Hypothyroidism)
d)
Answer:- exophthalmic goitre . (Hyperthyroidism)
e)
Answer:- gigantism
2.) Write the exact location of each of the following glands.
a) Thyroid
Answer:- thyroid gland is present just below the larynx part in front of the neck.
b) Adrenal
Answer:- it is present at the top of the both the kidneys. These adrenal glands have two parts adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
c) Pancreas
Answer:- it is present near the stomach. pancreas have both type of glands – duct gland also ductless gland. These pour it’s secretion straight into duodenum for digestive function.
d) Pituitary
Answer:- it is present below the hypothalamus Hanged from base of mid – brain like an small projection.
3) Solution:
a) Three hormones secreted from islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
Answer:-
1) Insulin – beta cells
2) Glucagon – alpha cells
3) Somatostatin – delta cells
c) Six hormones secreted from anterior pituitary.
Answer:-
1) Growth hormone (GH)
2) Prolactin
3) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
4) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
5) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
d) Two hormones secreted from posterior Pituitary
Answer:-
1) Antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin (ADH) –
2) Oxytocin
e) The emergency hormone.
Answer:- Adrenaline
4) Solution:
Answer:-
functions of the hormones are as follows –
1) Thyroxine – thyroxine perform the function of promoting tissues metabolism, differentiation and also growth.
3) Insulin – insulin performs the function of lowering down the blood sugar level.
4) Glucagon – glucagon performs the function of increasing the blood sugar levels.
5) Vasopressin – vasopressin or ADH perform the function of increasing the Reabsorption of water from the kidneys, also it performs the function of contraction of blood vessels which give raise in the blood pressure.
5) Solution:
Answer:-
The hormone responsible for the given functions are as follows –
A) Oxytocin
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Prolactin
D) Adrenaline ( sex corticoids )
E) Adrenaline
6) Solution:
Answer:- the changes as mouth dries and increase in heart rate are often occurs due to adrenal medulla produces the hormone Adrenaline. When there is situation when an body needs an extra energy, excited or angry, then Adrenaline is gets released by itself.
7) Solution:
Answer :-
1) Thyroid
2) Regulates basal metabolism
3) Exophthalmic goitre
4) Simple goitre, cretinism and myxoedema in adults.
5) Growth hormone
6) Hypoglycaemia
7) Diabetes mellitus
8) Anterior pituitary
9) Promotes growth of the whole body
10) Gigantism
11) Posterior Pituitary
12) More concentrated and less amount of urine
13) Diabetes insipidus
8) Solution:
Answer :-
1) Thyroid
2) Thyroxine
3) Insulin
4) Adrenal gland
5) Adrenaline
6) Anterior pituitary
7) Stimulus thyroxine secretion
9) Solution:
Answer :-
1) Ovary
2) Development of secondary sexual characteristics
3) Glucagon
4) Raises blood level
5) Thyroid
6) Hyper secretion of thyroxine
7) Anterior pituitary
8) Hyper secretion of growth hormone
D) Solution:
1.)
a) Endocrine system
Answer:- Endocrine system is the chemical coordination occurred by the several endocrine glands which performs the overall common functions together.
b) Hormones
Answer:- hormones are the secretions of the glands. These are Transported to the various Targeted parts of the body.
c) Myxoedema
Answer:- Myxoedema is the condition which mainly happens in Adults when thyroid gland does not work well. In these situation swelling occurs on the face and hands.
2) Solution:
a)
Answer :-
Exocrine glands | Endocrineglands |
These are duct glands | These are ductless glands. |
These are secreted and transported by the Ducts to the particular sites of the body. | These are secreted by the Glands and directly pour the secretion into the blood which is transported to all over the body. |
b)
Answer:-
Enzymes | Hormones |
Enzymes are catalyst which speed up the chemical reaction occurs in the body. | Hormones are the messengers which are used for the giving signals from cell to cell. |
These perform the function only where are formed. | These are carried out with the blood from one part of the body to the different body parts. |
c)
Answer :-
Nervouscontrol | Hormonalcontrol |
Nervous control is fast or rapid in transmission | Hormonal control is slightly slow
|
These are transmitted by the nerve fibres through synapse electro – chemically | These are transmitted through the blood |
These cannot affect the growth of body | These can affect the growth of body. |
Short term effects | Long term or short term Effects |
Affected only to the certain muscle | Affected to the different organs |
d)
Answer :-
Diabetesmellitus | DiabetesInsipidus |
Diabetes mellitus occurs due to the under secretion of hormone insulin. | Diabetes insipidus occurs due to the under secretion of vasopressin or ADH. |
e)
Answer :-
Addison’s Disease | Crushing syndrome |
Addison’s disease causes due to the Undersecretion of hormone of cortisone of adrenal cortex | Crushing syndrome causes due to the Oversecretion of hormone Of cortisone of Adrenal cortex. |
Symptoms of these disease are –
Skin pigmentation, loss of energy, nausea, Hypoglycaemia, etc. |
Symptoms of these disease are –
Obesity, osteoporosis, weakness, hyperglycaemia etc. |
3) Solution:
a) Answer :- Adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla which is known as emergency hormone because it prepares the body for the emergency situation. We can say if mind realise that there is an emergency situation that time these gland released the adrenaline.
b) Answer:- Pituitary gland is mainly known master gland because it has control on all endocrine glands.
d) Answer :- under secretion of the thyroid gland give arise to the simple goitre. When insufficient amount of iodine gets through the food we intake, it leads to the condition. Hence if there is proper amount of iodine salt in the food then it can be prevented.
4) Solution:
Answer :- yes, all hormones are the Carriers of chemical signals , I agreed with these statement. Hormones contains three types which are mainly formed to perform the function of carriers of signals form cell to cell. The types of hormones are peptides – water soluble, amines – water soluble, steroids – lipid soluble.
E.) Structured/ Application/skill type
1) Solution:
a)
Answer :-
Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas produces glucagon and beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas produces Insulin.
b)
Answer :-
The main function of Glucagon and insulin are –
Glucagon – glucagon give stimulation to the liver for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose .
Insulin – insulin promotes the Uptake of glucose by the cells of body. Also it gives stimulation to deposition of extra glucose in muscles and liver.
c)
Answer :- pancreas has three types of cell alpha, beta and delta which are produced in the islets of Langerhans of pancreas. These cells produces the hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin respectively. Hence it has both types of glands exocrine as well as endocrine.
d)
Answer :- Insulin is an protein. Hence if it is given Orally it can be digested by the protein digestive enzymes. Thus it is not Given by orally but injected into the body.
e)
Answer :- the technical terms for the cells of the pancreas which produces the endocrine hormones is known as islets of Langerhans.
f)
Answer :- the location of the pancreas in the body is in the abdomen back side of the stomach.
2) Solution:
a)
Answer:- these is the thyroid gland along with Larynx which is present above the sternum near neck region.
b)
Answer :- structure numbered as follows –
1 – Larynx
2 – Thyroid gland
3 – trachea
c)
Answer :- main function of each structure are
i) Larynx – it is also known as voice box . These is present on the top of the neck. It performs the Functions of breathing, protecting trachea, producing sound. Etc.
ii) Thyroid gland – the main function of thyroid gland is to secrete two hormones thyroxine and calcitonin.
iii) Trachea – trachea is a wind pipe it is the way for the wind come inside and pass outside.
d)
Answer:- Thyroid is a ductless gland. It does not have any duct. Hence it pours it’s secretions into the blood directly, thus it is called as endocrine gland.
3) Solution:
a)
Answer :- 1 – 4 are named as below –
1 – Pituitary gland
2 – Thyroid gland
3 – pancreas
4 – adrenal gland
b)
Answer :- the common nature in the functions of all these glands is they all are endocrine glands. That is they directly pour their hormonal secretions into the blood without any duct.
c)
Answer :- iodine is the essential nutrient for the normal working of thyroid gland.
4) Solution:
a) Answer:- figure A has an error.
b) Answer :- the error in the figure A is that the endocrine gland has the work to pour the secretion in the blood stream directly which is moved towards all directions to all the target sites. But in the figure A it is going in only one direction. These is correctly shown in the B.
F.) Solution:
1)
Answer :-
Hormonal response | Nervous response |
Hormonal effects are short term or long term both. | Nervous response are only short term. |
These response is slow | These response is quick and fast. |
These affects all the different organs | These affects only some muscles and glands. |
These are Transported through the blood. | These response are transmitted through the nerves. |
2)
Answer :-
Action of hormones | Action of nerves |
Hormones are acted on different body parts. | Nerves affects some particular gland or muscles of body. |
These cannot modified according to the previous experience. | These can modified to the little extent by previous experience. |
These Hormones work slow but bring Chemical changes And
Affects metabolism |
Nerves action are fast but does not bring Chemical changes. And does not affect metabolism |