Second Phase of the Indian Nationalist Movement ICSE Notes Class 10 History Chapter 4
Second Phase of Indian Nationalist Movement ICSE
Second Phase of the Indian Nationalist Movement ICSE Notes Class 10 History Chapter 4 is available here. We cover all the important points.
- Who are the Radicals or Assertive Nationalists? Name some leaders.
(a) They had no faith in the English institution.
(b) They believed that Swaraj should be achieved and all other reforms could be brought.
(c) They advocated the adoption of revolutionary means for the fulfilment of the demands.
(d) Some leaders are – (a) Lala Lajpat Rai. (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak. (c) Bipin Ch. Pal.
- Objectives of the Radical Nationalists (Assertive)?
(a) The main aim of the Assertive was to achieve complete Independence.
- Cause of the Rise of Radicals (Assertive Nationalism)?
(I) Disillusionment with the early nationalists:
(a) The British hostility towards the Moderates led to the rise of the assertive Nationalism.
(II) Dissatisfaction with the Act of 1892 A.D:
(a) Under the Indian Councils Act of 1892 Ad, the officials members till dominated the Legislative Councils.
(b) This failed to satisfy the younger elements in the Congress and they turned to radical means.
(III) Economic Exploitation of India:
(a) Peasants suffered due to high taxes, prolonged droughts and famines.
(b) Various land settlement systems were also exploitative in nature.
(c) India’s world famous handicraft industries were on the decline due to shortage of raw material and other economic policies of the British.
(d) The decline of handicraft industries created a massive unemployment in India.
(IV) Famines and Plague:
(a) The British Government in India did not take measures to solve the problem of famine held in 1896 – 97 AD and 1899 – 190 AD.
(V) Lord Curzon’s Repressive Policies:
(a) In 1898, he passed the Official Secrets Act to curtail the liberties of all sections of the society.
(b) In 1899, he passed the ‘Calcutta Corporation Act’ and reduced the number of elected members of the Municipal Corporation of Calcutta to Half.
(c) He also abolished the internal independence of the universities through the Indian Universities Act of 1904.
(VI) The Partition of Bengal:
(a) Lord Curzon’s most unpopular administrative measure was the Partition of Bengal into two Provinces, i.e. Western Bengal (a Hindu dominated area) and Eastern Bengal & Assam (a Muslim dominated area) in 1905.
- Write a short note on Surat Split.
(a) To placate the Assertive Nationalists the Kolkata session of the Congress in 1996 AD “Swaraj” and its goal and passed resolutions supporting Swadeshi and Boycott and national education.
(b) Next year in 1907 AD, the assertive Nationalists proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai while the early nationalists proposed the name of Ras Bihari Ghosh for the Congress President ship.
(c) When the session started on 26th December 1907, there prevailed utter confusion.
(d) For nine years thereafter, (1907 – 1916 Ad), the Radical Nationalists remained out of the Congress.
(e) Thus, there occurred practically a spilt between the radical and moderate sections in the Congress at the Surat Session in 1907 A.D.
- Methods of Struggle of the Radical Nationalists (Assertives)?
(I) Swadeshi:
(a) The Assertives wanted to use Swadeshi as a weapon against the Britishers.
(b) The asked the people to use Swadeshi goods i.e. goods produced in India.
(II) Boycott of Videshi goods:
(a) Swadeshi and Boycott were the two sides of the same coin.
(b) It included the Boycott of foreign cloth, government services, honours, titles and social boycott of a person trading in foreign goods.
(III) Stress on Revival of India’s Glory:
(a) The Radical Nationalists wanted to revive India’s past glory.
(b) Tilak started Ganapati Festival in Maharashtra in 1893 AD and Shivaji Festival in 1895 AD.
(c) They also presented Chandragupta Vikramaditya, Maharana Pratap, Shivaji and Vivekananda as national heroes.
(Iv) Self Dependence and Sacrifice:
(a) The radicals believed that self – dependence and scarifies of the patriots could help the welfare of the country.
(b) They believed that every Indian should be ready to face sorrows and difficulties and should be ready to make scarifies for the achievement of the ‘Swaraj’.
(V) National Education:
(a) Secular Education.
(b) Moral education
(c) Political education
(d) Vocational and Technical education.
(e) According to radicals, the main aim of education was to build national character and to develop patriotism.
(VI) Involvement of the Masses:
(a) The Assertive Nationalists involved the masses by organizing festivals, boycott, Swadeshi and national education.
(b) Peasants, Workers, the youth, men and women were attracted towards the national movement.
- Achievement of the Assertive Nationalists.
(a) They gave birth to the revolutionary movement in India.
(b) They gave encouragement to Indian industries through the Swadeshi Movement.
(c) They adversely affected the British commercial interests through Boycott.
(d) They were able to broaden the social base of the national movement by including the Common People.
(e) They popularized the goal of Swaraj. It was under their pressure that the Congress adopted the resolution for Swaraj, Swadeshi Boycott and National Education in 1906 AD.
Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(I) His role in Congress:
(a) In 1890, Tilak joined the Indian National Congress.
(b) He organized the Swadeshi and Boycott agitation after the Partition of Bengal.
(c) In 1907 AD. He along with the other aggressive leaders came into conflict with the moderate leaders.
(d) After the split, Tilak assumed the leadership of the Aggressive Nationalists.
(II) Political Beliefs:
(a) He said ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”
(b) He believed that political power could not be achieved through begging.
(III) His contribution towards the rise of nationalism:
(a) He instilled among the people love and pride for the country.
(b) To Spread the national movement in rural areas, he revived the Ganapati and Shivaji festivals and organized ‘Lathi Clubs’ and ‘Akharas’.
(c) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and the common masses.
(IV) Forerunner of Gandhiji:
(a) Gandhiji laid great stress on Prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott. All these had been preached and practised by Tilak much before Gandhiji did so.
(b) Gandhiji’s ideal of complete independence was similar to Tilak’s ideal of Swaraj.
(V) Home Rule Movement:
(a) Tilak founded the All India Home Rule League in 1916 to lead the national demand self – government, termed Home Rule and to obtain the Dominion Status within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa etc.
(VI) Role as a journalist and a Writer:
(a) He edited the newspapers ‘New India’ and also launched an English Daily, Bande Mataram.
Contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai (Punjab Kesari and Sher – e – Punjab or The Lion of Punjab)
(I) His role as an Educationalist and a Writer:
(a) He was an active worker of the Arya Samaj and laid the foundation of the D.A.V. College, Lahore..
(b) In the U.S.A., he started a monthly magazine, ‘Young India’ to spread the message of the right of the Indians to attain ‘Swaraj’.
(c) His other books were: (1) The Call Young India.
(2) England’s Debt to India.
(3) The Political Future of India.
(d) He wrote a book,’ The Spirit of Indian Nationalism’ in which he highlighted the importance of nationalism.
(II) His Assertive Ideas:
(a) He was a fearless, bold and passionate patriot of India.
(b) He joined the Radical group in 1907.
(c) In 1905, he went to England to persuade the British leaders not to give effect to the scheme of partition.
(III) His contribution to the growth of Nationalism:
(a) Through his writings, he preached radical nationalism and inspired the Indian Youth.
(b) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and the common masses.
(c) In 1907, he along with Sardar Ajit Singh was imprisoned for six months for seditious speeches and deported to Mandalay.
(d) He founded the ‘Servants of the People Society’ which worked for the freedom movement as well as social reforms in the country.
(e) He along with other Congressmen formed the Swaraj Party to contest elections to the Legislative Councils in 1923.
(f) Lala Lajpat Rai led the boycott demonstration against the Simon Commission. He was assaulted in the lathi charge and laid down his life for the country.
(g) In, 1914 he went to England as the member of the Congress delegation and from there, he went to America and joined the Ghadar Party.
- Comparative Study of the Early Nationalists and the Assertives
Early Nationalists (Moderates) | Assertives (Radicals) |
Basic Beliefs | |
They had full faith in the British Government | They highlighted the negative rule of the British of India. |
They were convinced of the supremacy of European culture. | They wanted to highlight the supremacy of Indian culture and traditions. |
They believed that the people of India were not fit for self – government. So they demanded autonomy within the British Empire not the absolute freedom. | They believed that people of India were fi9t to rule themselves and self – government could not be denied to them. |
They lacked the spirit of self – sacrifice. | They lent great emphasis on self – reliance, self – sacrifice, suffering and hardships for the achievement of their aim. |
Methods | |
They believed in petitions, constitutionalism, Prayers, passive resistance resolutions and meetings | They supported and followed revolutionary methods by launching vigorous political agitations. |
They had full faith in the British Government. | They believed in non – cooperation |
And wanted to follow the policy of cooperation. | Adopted the programme of Swadeshi and Boycott etc. |
They agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. | They demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ – self – government as it existed in the United Kingdom |
Second Phase of Indian Nationalist Movement ICSE