NCERT Solutions Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8 Thinking
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8 Thinking : National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8 Solutions – Thinking .
Board |
NCERT |
Class |
11 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
8 |
Chapter Name |
Thinking |
Topic |
Exercise Solutions |
Review Questions
1.) Explain the nature of thinking.
Thinking is a sophisticated mental activity that involves processing and evaluating data that is either gathered from the environment through the senses or is retained in memory from previous experiences.
Such manipulation and analysis involve abstracting, thinking, envisioning, solving problems, judging, and making decisions. Overt conduct suggests that it is an internal process.
The majority of thinking is structured and goal-oriented. Everything we do on a daily basis, from cooking to doing arithmetic problems, has a purpose. One aspires to accomplish the objective by planning, recalling prior actions whenever the activity is obvious or assuming tactics when the activity is new.
From outward behaviour, it may be deduced that thinking is an interior mental activity.
2.) What is a concept? Explain the role of concept in the thinking process.
A concept is an idea that serves as the mental equivalent of a category. It refers to a collection of items, ideas, or experiences that have certain commonalities.
Because of idea development, our information is more organised, which saves us time and effort each time we need to access it.
Typically, concepts may be divided into groups based on hierarchies or levels of understanding. The three classifications for the levels are basic (an intermediate level), subordinate, and superordinate (the lowest level).
Most concepts that people use in their thinking are neither obvious nor unambiguous. Their edges are fuzzy. They commonly cross over and are ill-defined.
3.) Identify obstacles that one may encounter in problem solving.
The following are some potential barriers to problem solving:
(i) Mental Set
It is also connected to functional fixedness, in which individuals fail to solve an issue because they get fixed or stuck on the regular function of things, which can lead to mental rigidity and make it difficult to come up with new rules and solutions.
(ii) Lack of Motivation
Sometimes when faced with a challenge or after experiencing a past setback, individuals give up quickly. As a result, individuals lose motivation and are unable to find solutions.
4.) How does reasoning help in solving problems?
Gathering and analysing data to draw conclusions is the process of reasoning. In this view, issue resolution also includes the process of thinking. The objective is to identify what inference may be made from a given set of facts.
Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that starts with an assumption. Deductive reasoning, then, starts with the assumption of a general proposition that one perceive or think is accurate, followed by the drawing of a specific end based on this proposition.
Inductive reasoning is defined as reasoning that is based on particular facts and observations. Drawing a broad conclusion through inductive reasoning requires a specific observation.
Analogy is a different way of thinking that might be useful in problem solving. They help us identify and visualise the essential elements of something or an event that we may otherwise overlook.
5.) Are judgment and decision-making interrelated processes? Explain.
Decision-making and judgement are connected processes. Choosing between options while weighing the costs and benefits of each is the challenge we face when making decisions.
We can form judgements through inductive and deductive reasoning. Based on our knowledge and the data at hand, we use judgement to make decisions, develop views, assess events, and evaluate objects. As a result of habit, judgements can occasionally be automatic and occur without the person’s conscious involvement.
6.) Why is divergent thinking important in creative thinking process?
Divergent thinking is crucial to the creative process. Its capabilities make it easier to come up with a range of ideas, even ones that don’t immediately make sense.
Divergent thinking is characterised by its qualities of fluency, adaptability, inventiveness, and elaboration.
Fluency: generates a large number of solutions to a given activity or issue. A person’s capacity for fluency increases with the number of ideas he generates.
Flexibility is a sign of diversity in thought. It could involve imagining alternative applications for a piece of equipment, a distinct interpretation of a scene or tale, or other approaches to a challenge.
Originality is the capacity to come up with concepts that are uncommon or extraordinary by forming novel connections, fusing previously held notions, or adopting fresh viewpoints.
Elaboration: the capacity to delve deeply and consider the ramifications of novel concepts.
Divergent thinking skills enable the production of several ideas that may not initially appear to be connected.
Divergent thinking is crucial for coming up with a variety of ideas. Finding the best or most suitable concept requires convergence of thought.
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7.) What are the various barriers to creative thinking?
The many types of barriers to creative thinking are as follows:
(i) Habitual – According to a particular theory, the inclination to be overcome by habits functions as a barrier to creative thinking. That makes it difficult to come up with original ideas.
(ii) Perceptual – It hinders the development of fresh and innovative concepts.
(iii) Motivational – A lack of motivation prevents any thinking or action from occurring.
(iv) Emotional – Feelings like fear of rejection, failure, and negativism cause people to make bad assumptions and become unable to think critically.
(v) Cultural – This term describes an excessive adherence to customs, norms, demands to conform, and stereotypes. The fear of being different, propensity to uphold the status quo, societal pressure, etc. all contribute to cultural block.
- How can creative thinking be enhanced?
In order to improve creative thinking, try one of the following:
I Increasing awareness and sensitivity so that you can notice and react to the sensations, sights, sounds, and textures around you.
(ii) Creating the most ideas or solutions possible for a particular job in order to improve the flow of ideas and choose the bestthem.
(iii) Making use of Osborn’s “brainstorming” method to make ideas more adaptable. It entails the notion of free thought, devoid of constraints or assumptions.
(iv) Practice and experience help one develop independent judgement while making decisions.
(v) Taking part in activities that call for creative thinking and imagination.
(vi) Collecting comments on the solutions put forth and considering other options that others may have.
(vii) Give the concepts time to develop.
(viii) creating diagrams to visualise causes or effects of all possible solutions and make it easier to grasp the solutions.
(ix) Refusing to give in to the need for quick gratification.
(x) Positivity, self-assurance, and awareness of all problem-related defences.
9.) Does thinking take place without language? Discuss.
Benjamin Lee Whorf claimed that language influences the nature of the mind. The linguistic relativity hypothesis is the name given to this view. This idea asserts that people’s use of language and linguistic categories influences what and how they may potentially think (linguistic determinism). Experiments have shown that it is possible for concepts to exist in all languages to the same extent or quality, independent of the existence of linguistic categories and structures. Certain thoughts could be more easily expressed through language than others.
The eminent Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget believed that thought not only affects but also precedes language. According to Piaget, children develop an internal representation of the outside world through thought. When they see something and then copy it, children do think—even if they don’t express it verbally. Impersonation is what is meant by this. Despite the fact that language can be taught to children, Piaget believed that in order to understand the words, one must be aware of the underlying concepts (thinking). So, mind is essential and necessary for language understanding.
10.) How is language acquired in human beings?
The intrinsic hypothesis of language development was put out by linguist Noam Chomsky. He contends that learning theories by themselves cannot explain why kids take up language and grammar so fast without being explicitly taught. Also, children invent a variety of claims that they have never heard before and cannot reasonably be imitating. Everywhere in the globe, it seems like children go through a critical period where language acquisition must take place if it is to be effective. Children everywhere go through the same stages of language development. The development of language “just happens to the newborn,” in Chomsky’s words, with the right care, just as physical maturation. At birth, “universal grammar” is present. Infants quickly learn the grammar of each language they encounter.
According to Skinner, learning is the main factor that determines why newborns pick up the language they absorb and how they expand their vocabularies with new words. Chomsky’s emphasis on how we are predisposed to learning grammar explains why children pick up language so easily without direct instruction.
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