NCERT Solutions Class 11 Psychology Chapter 4 Human Development
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Psychology Chapter 4 Human Development : National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class 11 Psychology Chapter 4 Solutions – Human Development .
Board |
NCERT |
Class |
11 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
4 |
Chapter Name |
Human Development |
Topic |
Exercise Solutions |
Review Questions
1.) What is development? How is it different from growth and maturation?
Development refers to the process of growth and change that takes place over time in a person or an organisation. It is a general expression that might refer to advancement or changes in characteristics of the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, or behavioural nature. Based on a variety of factors including heredity, environment, and experiences, different people and organisations develop at different rates and in diverse ways.
The physical changes that take place in a person or thing as it grows and develops are referred to as growth, on the other hand. Growth is a common term for changes in size and appearance and is a typical component of development. Growth can take the form of a child becoming taller or a plant adding more leaves.
On the other hand, maturation describes the process of becoming an adult. This frequently alludes to the process of acquiring cognitive and social skills, as well as physical and sexual maturity. The process of maturation is a typical aspect of development that takes place gradually.
In conclusion, maturation refers to the process of reaching maturity, whereas development refers to the entire process of growth and change. Growth specifically refers to bodily changes.
2.) Describe the main features of life-span perspective on development.
The life-span perspective of development is a psychology theory that emphasises how people change throughout their lives, from childhood to old age. Some of this viewpoint’s important traits include the following:
This perspective emphasises that people continue to develop and change throughout their lives and that development is not just a process that occurs during infancy or adolescence.
Development has several facets: The life-span approach considers a variety of aspects of development, including the evolution of the body, the mind, the emotions, and the social world.
Context determines development: This point of view emphasises the importance of the environment in shaping development and recognises that different environments (such as a person’s family, school, or workplace) may have different effects on a person’s development.
Growing is plastic: The life-span perspective recognises that people may shape their own development via their experiences and interactions with their environment. Development is not predetermined.
Several variables affect development: This frame of view accepts that a number of factors, including genetics, personal characteristics, and environmental impacts, have an impact on development.
3.) What are developmental tasks? Explain by giving examples.
Children encounter developmental activities as they grow and develop as common challenges and milestones. These obligations relate to the following areas of development:
- Physical development: Learning to walk, run, and use the restroom are all examples of physical development activities.
- Cognitive development: Learning to reason, solve problems, and understand cause and effect are just a few of the cognitive development activities.
- Emotional development: This process entails tasks including gaining emotional control, making relationships with others, and establishing a sense of self.
- Social development: Social development tasks include gaining interpersonal communication skills, making new acquaintances, and understanding social norms.
A baby learning to crawl and then walk; a toddler learning to use the bathroom and clothe oneself; a preschooler learning to count and recognise letters and numbers; and a kindergartener learning to read and write are just a few examples of developmental activities.
- A child who is in school learning to read and write
- Adolescents are learning to comprehend and control their emotions as well as form deep relationships with other people.
4.) ‘Environment of the child has a major role in the development of the child’. Support your answer with examples.
The environment of the kid has a significant impact on the child’s development since it involves the settings in which the youngster acquires different motor and cognitive abilities. Additionally, it affects the child’s physical growth within the boundaries imposed by hereditary traits. Here are few instances:
- A child’s environment may have a big influence on how they develop, especially if they grow up in a loving and supportive home environment, which can help them build strong self-esteem and self-confidence.
- Mental health issues and low self-esteem may develop from an aggressive or abusive setting.
- Having access to a wide range of enlightening and engaging activities may encourage the growth of a diversified range of skills and passions.
- Children must have access to positive and encouraging environments since the environment has a big influence on how they develop.
5.) How do socio-cultural factors influence development?
The term “socio-cultural factors” refers to the social and cultural contexts in which people live and grow. These factors may have a significant effect on a person’s development throughout their life, including as a youngster. Several socio-cultural factors may have an impact on development, including:
Family structure: The type of family a child grows up in may have an impact on their development. For instance, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are more likely to have positive relationships and strong self-esteem. On the other side, children who grow up in chaotic or insecure homes may experience emotional and behavioural issues.
Cultural values: A person’s development may be impacted by the cultural values and beliefs of their community. A society that prioritises obedience and conformity may prevent creativity and individuality, whereas one that emphasises the importance of education may instil in children a love of learning.
Social interactions: The individuals a youngster interacts with might have an impact on how they develop. In contrast to children who are bullied or isolated, who are more likely to suffer with low self-esteem and social anxiety, children who interact often with adults and peers are more likely to acquire social skills and a feeling of belonging.
Economic circumstances: A child’s development may be impacted by the economy of their neighbourhood. For instance, children growing up in poverty may face issues including inadequate nutrition, difficulty getting to school, and exposure to violence, all of which may have a negative impact on their development.
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6.) Discuss the cognitive changes taking place in a developing child.
Cognitive development is the evolution of a child’s mental functions, including their capacity for thought, reasoning, and memory. These changes take place throughout a child’s development, beginning in infancy and continuing until adulthood. Some of the cognitive changes that take place in a growing child include the following:
A child’s capacity to focus and pay attention to their environment grows throughout the early years, which aids in their ability to acquire and digest new knowledge more quickly.
Better memory: A child’s memory becomes more complicated as they grow, making it easier for them to retain and recall information.
A child’s cognitive abilities develop with time, and as a result, they get better at analysing and solving problems on their own and in collaboration with others.
Increased language skills: A child’s linguistic abilities, including vocabulary and the capacity to understand and speak, expand quickly in the early years, enhancing their ability to interact with others.
Development of abstract thinking: As children age, their ability to think abstractly and understand difficult concepts grows, enabling them to connect unrelated ideas and use logic.
7.) Attachment bonds formed in childhood years have long-term effects. Explain taking examples from daily life.
The emotional bonds that form between children and their carers are known as attachment relationships. These attachments are essential for a child’s social and emotional growth, and they might have an impact on someone’s relationships and sense of self down the road. For instance, children who develop strong attachment relationships with their carers are more likely to engage in positive social interactions and to be more self-reliant and confident. On the other side, kids who don’t develop strong attachment links could suffer with self-worth and relationship formation, as well as relationship maintenance.
8.) What is adolescence? Explain the concept of egocentrism.
Adolescence is the period of development that lasts throughout the entire teenage years, which are typically between the ages of 12 and 18. As the body and brain develop and young individuals start to think and act independently, there are significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes occurring throughout this time.
Teenagers’ propensity to see the world solely through their own eyes is known as egocentrism. This may manifest as an exaggerated sense of one’s own significance, a refusal to value other people’s points of view, and an inclination to believe that others are equally fixated on them as one is. Egocentrism is a normal part of adolescent development and often declines as kids age and get more life experience.
9.) What are the factors influencing the formation of identity during adolescence? Support your answer with examples.
Throughout adolescence, a person’s identity is influenced by a number of factors, including their unique traits, life events, and interpersonal relationships. At this stage of life, a number of significant factors that might affect identity formation include:
Peers and social groups: Adolescents frequently look to their peers for guidance and affirmation, and they might desire to integrate into particular social groups in order to feel accepted and valued. A adolescent who is passionate about music, for instance, can seek out friends who are also interested and, as a result, forge a musical identity.
Family and upbringing: A teen’s identity may be significantly influenced by family members, particularly parents. For instance, a child who is raised in a household with strong cultural traditions may develop a strong sense of cultural identity.
Personal challenges and experiences: Adolescents have a range of individual challenges and experiences that shape who they are.
Influences from the media and society: A teenager’s identity may be influenced by the media and society as a whole. For instance, a youngster who is not regularly exposed to images of skinny, conventionally beautiful models may have a positive body image. However, a teen who is consistently exposed to such images may struggle with body image issues.
Individual differences: Lastly, a teen’s identity may be influenced by personal traits including personality, interests, and skills. A young person who is particularly creative and artistic, for instance, could develop a strong sense of their artistic identity, whereas a young person who is highly sensitive and compassionate might do so.
10.) What are the challenges faced by individuals on entry to adulthood?
For many people, the transition from childhood to adulthood may be challenging. When someone reaches maturity, they may face a number of significant challenges, including the following:
Finding and retaining a job: Many young people struggle to find stable, well-paying work in today’s competitive labour market. Stress and financial instability may follow from this.
Relationship development and maintenance: As young people start to design their own lives and careers, they could find it challenging to keep up with friends and relatives. Feelings of isolation and loneliness could result from this.
Managing finances and responsibilities: Young people may find it challenging to adjust when they take on more responsibility, such managing their own finances and bill-paying. This might lead to anxiety and tension.
Making important life decisions: As young people mature, they frequently have to make important life decisions including choosing a career, choosing a place to live, and deciding whether or not to start a family. These options might be bewildering, resulting in uncertainty and stress.
Coping with independence: Growing up for many young people involves leaving home and being independent. This might be a difficult and intimidating process that makes you feel vulnerable and uncertain.
Management of physical and mental health: As young people get older, they may experience new physical and mental health problems. For instance, they could struggle with the onset of chronic medical ailments or mental health issues like anxiety and depression.
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