Mindmap of Control and Coordination Chapter for Class 10 Students. This Mindmap will help Students to remember all important notes and topics at exam time.
Control and Coordination Mind Map:
Animals – Nervous system:
Structure of neuron:
The neurons or nerve cells are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. It is the longest cell in human body. It is mainly constructed of three parts namely cyton, dendrites and axons.
Cyton:
- It is also named as body cell or perikaryon.
- Cyton has centrally situated nucleus which abundant in cytoplasm called as neuroplasm.
- The large body in the neuroplasm is called as Nissl’s granules and also other organelles such as ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are also present.
- Neurons are unique in their nature because they do not have an ability to divide.
- The neurofibrils present in the cytoplasm which helps in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Fig. structure of neuron
Dendrites:
Dendrites are projected from the cell body and helps in conducting the nerve impulses towards the cyton. The dendrites are in the form of branched projection and hence it increases the surface area for receiving the signals from other nerve cells.
Axon:
- The axon is a single, elongated and slender projection. The ends of axions are having small branches which results into knob like swelling and hence called as synaptic knob.
- The axon is having axolemma as a plasma membrane and axoplasm as a cytoplasm. Axon carries the impulses which are away from the cyton.
- The axon is firstly covered with a protective sheath called as myelin sheath and which is also covered by a layer called as neurilemma.
- The breaking of myelin sheath by depressions is called as nodes of ranvier.
- Myelin sheath acts as insulator and thereby allows rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
- The informal from one neuron to other will be passed through the synaptic junctions and releases the chemical from the synaptic knob called as neurotransmitter.
What happens in reflex action?
- When our hand is pricked by a needle then the prick pain is the touch which is sensed by the sense organ skin acting as a receptor.
- This stimulus thereafter creates an impulse in the sensory neuron and sensory neuron transmits it to the spinal cord.
- Then spinal cord detects the stimulus and impulse is passed towards the relay neuron and finally transmitted to a motor neuron.
- Motor neuron takes command from spinal cord CNS and gives to our hand due to which the muscles of our hand get immediately contracted and we will withdraw our hand.
- In this way reflex action is formed when our hand is pricked by a needle.
Human Brain:
The human brain is made up of three main parts namely forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Fig. L. S. of Human brain
Forebrain:
The forebrain is made up of cerebrum and diencephalon.
Cerebrum:
- The two third portion of the brain forms the cerebrum. The cerebrum is longitudinally divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres and theses two cerebral hemispheres are connected internally through a thick layer of nerve cells called as corpus callosum.
- Externally each hemisphere is formed from gray matter called as cerebral cortex.
- The elevations formed due to folding of cortex externally is called as gyri and the depressions between them is called as sulci which increases the surface area.
- Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes which are also called as cerebral lobes and they are frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe.
- Thinking, intelligence, consciousness, memory, imagination, reasoning and willpower are the responsibilities of the cerebrum.
- Thalamus acts as the relay center and it is the major conducting center for sensory and motor signaling.
- Hypothalamus has function to control the involuntary actions like hunger, thirst, sleep, sweating, sexual desire, anger, fear, water balance and blood pressure. Also, it acts as a thermoregulatory center for the body.
Midbrain:
Midbrain is situated in between thalamus and hindbrain. The dorsal portion of midbrain has four rounded bodies called as corpora quadrigemina which controls visual and auditory reflexes.
Hindbrain:
Hindbrain is made up of three parts namely cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
Cerebellum:
Cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain which is made up of two large sized hemispheres and middle vermis. The voluntary movements are coordinated by cerebellum and it also maintains body balance.
Pons:
- It is the bridge for nerve fiber and connects the lobes of cerebellum. The signals between cerebellum, spinal cord, midbrain and cerebrum are relayed by the pons.
- It also controls the respiration and sleep cycle.
- Medulla oblongata: It connects spinal cord and various parts of brain and it is the posterior most part of the brain.
- It consists of cardiac centers, respiratory centers, and vasomotor centers to control heartbeat, respiration and contraction of blood vessels respectively. Vomiting and salivation is regulated by medulla oblongata.
The functions of some part of the brain are as given below.
- Cerebral cortex helps in sensory perception, control of voluntary functions, language, thinking, decision making and creativity.
- Thalamus acts as the relay center.
- Hypothalamus is the link between nervous system and endocrine glands and it controls the temperature, thirst, hunger and urination.
- Cerebellum maintains the posture and balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity.
- Pons and medulla play a role in sleep-awake cycle and acts as center for cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory control.
Hormones in animals:
Sr. no. |
Hormone | Endocrine Gland |
Function |
1. | Growth Hormone | Pituitary gland | Stimulates growth in all organs |
2. | Thyroid gland | Regulates metabolism for body growth | |
3. | Insulin | Regulates blood sugar level | |
4. | Testosterone | Testes | |
5. | Ovaries | Development of female sex organs, regulates menstrual cycle etc. | |
6. | Adrenaline | Adrenal gland | |
7. | Releasing Hormones | Stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones |
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