Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 4 – Cognitive Processes
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solution Chapter 4: Cognitive Processes. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 12 get here Cognitive Processes full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 12 |
Subject |
Psychology |
Chapter |
4 |
Chapter name |
Cognitive Processes |
1) Choose the correct alternative and complete the sentences:
1) When we select few stimuli from the environment and bring them into the center of our awareness, it is called __________.
a.) attention b. perception c. thinking
Ans: When we select few stimuli from the environment and bring them into the center of our awareness, it is called attention.
2) Ivan Pavlov is known for explaining learning by __________.
a.) classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observation
Ans: Ivan Pavlov is known for explaining learning by classical conditioning.
3) When we organise the information from the environment, group them and give some meaning, that process is called _______.
a.) attention b. perception c. thinking
Ans: When we organise the information from the environment, group them and give some meaning, that process is called perception.
4) In operant conditioning the experiment was conducted on___________.
dog b. rat c.monkey
Ans: In operant conditioning the experiment was conducted on rat.
5) The change in behaviour due to practice or experience is known as ________.
a.) perception b. thinking c.learning
Ans: The change in behaviour due to practice or experience is known as learning.
2 Answer briefly in 30 to 40 words:
1) What is fluctuation of attention?
Similar to a clock’s pendulum, attention is constantly fluctuating. We are unable to focus on one stimulus for an extended amount of time. For a brief moment, our attention is diverted to another stimulus before returning to the initial stimulus.
2) Give three examples of top down processes in perception.
1.) Despite certain words in a book being muddled by a few droplets of water, we can still understand the entire text depending on its context.
2.) Voice breaks frequently occur during phone calls owing to poor connectivity. We still understand what the other person is saying, even if we miss a few words.
3.) When reading whole sentences as opposed to isolated words, we could find it simpler to grasp the information if the writer’s handwriting is difficult to read.
3) What is meant by thinking?
“Thinking is the mental activity that uses various cognitive elements and processes that involves manipulation of information, problem solving, reasoning as well as decision making.”
4) Describe any two processes of learning.
1.) Learning by observation: We may pick up a lot by seeing someone else behave and then imitating it. like eating or walking. We also watch and mimic particular ways of reasoning, analyzing, judging, and making decisions.
2.) Learning through assimilation and accommodation: As a result of fresh experiences or new knowledge, our old mental constructs are continually improved. Learning via assimilation and accommodation is the term used to describe the process of developing and honing our notions based on similarities and contrasts.
3 Classify the following into Mental Representation, Concepts and Schemata:
1) Image of your mother in your mind 2) Building 3) Tree 4) School 5) Theater 6) Table 7) Neil Armstrong
Mental Representation | Concepts | Schemata |
Image of your mother in your mind | Building | School |
Neil Armstrong | Tree | Theater |
Table |
4 Find odd one out :
1) Schema, Perception, Attention, Thinking
Ans: Schema
2) Searching solution, Defining problem, Incubation, Implementation of the solution
Ans: Incubation
3) Reasoning, Judgement, Decision making, Relaxing
Ans: Relaxing
4) Concept, Schema, Solution, Mental Representation
Ans: Solution
5 Identify if the following behaviours are due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answers.
1) After much hard work you are able to perform a dance step properly.
Ans: It results from learning since practise leads to a rather lasting behavioural change.
2) In spite of getting hurt, Shayana, a five year old child, continues to play with knife.
Ans: This means that learning is not the cause of the conduct. Shayana hasn’t learnt that she shouldn’t play with knives to prevent harm, despite her previous experiences, which is why this is the case.
3) Once Hanif had to pay fine for breaking the signal while driving a car. Now he makes sure to stop the car at red signal.
Ans: Hanif has learned to associate disobeying the signal with suffering repercussions by associating it with paying a fine.
Q.6. Answer the following questions with the help of the given points :
1) Explain the stages of problem solving. Points : (i) Defining problem (ii) Generating alternative solutions (iii) Selecting solution (iv) Implementing and taking follow up of the solution.
Finding answers to the issues we face in life is referred to as problem solving. It falls within the category of thinking. The following steps are involved in problem solving:
(a) Defining the problem :The problem must be accurately identified and defined in this stage. A person will never find the answer if the problem is wrongly defined. For instance, if a mother incorrectly assumes that a baby is screaming because of hunger while, in fact, the infant is crying because of a stomach ache, the issue is not fixed.
(b) Generating alternative solutions : Every problem has a number of potential solutions, some of which may prove to be successful while others may not.In the second stage of problem solving, a person looks for every action that may be taken to address the issue at hand. For instance, if someone has a terrible headache, they can consider resting, listening to music, meditating, taking medication, etc.
(c) Selecting a solution : In the third phase of issue solving, the person chooses one out of several potential solutions based on the logic used. A person’s capacity for reasoning enables them to approach challenges more realistically. For instance, if a person remembers that meditation assisted him/her in lessening his/her headache the previous time, he/she will choose the same treatment for the issue in the present scenario.
(d) Implementing and follow up on the solution: The final phase in problem solving involves actually putting a particular solution to use. The person then assesses the results to determine whether or not the approach was successful in helping them solve their problem. Going back to a prior phase and repeating the problem-solving process may be necessary if the issue is still unresolved.
2) Explain the stages of creative thinking. Points : (i) Preparation (ii) Incubation (iii) Illumination (iv) Verification.
The capacity to observe the world from fresh perspectives, decipher hidden meanings, link disparate events, and come up with solutions are all traits of creativity. Creative thinking is a trait shared by artists such as musicians, poets, scientists, fashion designers, and interior decorators. It appears that there are four sequential stages to creative thinking:
a.) Preparation: It is the phase where the issue is formulated and resources are gathered in order to discover fresh solutions. There is no such thing as an empty thought. Numerous unproven methods are tested and abandoned. At this point, it appears like nothing is progressing.
b.) Incubation : After preparing, a person begins to work on an issue, yet they might not be successful in coming up with the right answer. Incubation begins after this initial failure. A person may consider giving up at this point because they are so frustrated. When this happens, the person stops thinking about the issue and starts concentrating on something else. Working on the issue through incubation could enable the person to do so subconsciously. Although it might seem that the answer won’t materialise during this time, it will eventually.
c.) Illumination: Following incubation, the right answer flashes in front of the thinker’s eyes like a flash, sending them into a frenzy of delight. All the thoughts that before seemed to be incongruous parts come together. The answer that emerges is quite close to being ideal. Knowing that they have come up with a fresh concept or a workable solution causes someone to feel joy.
d.) Verification : After the excitement of the previous step, the new solution still has to be evaluated. Typically, only little adjustments are needed. However, there are situations when it may take a lifetime of research, testing, and retesting.
Q.7. Answer the following questions in detail:
1) Explain the laws of perceptual organization.
The tendency of our brain is to group together meaningfully all of our senses. Using rules of perceptual organisation, German psychologist Max Wertheimer initially provided an explanation for this in 1923. Following are a few of the laws governing how perception is organised:
(a) Law of proximity: In accordance with this perceptual organisation principle, stimuli that are close to one another are regarded as a unit more so than those that are far apart.
(b) Law of similarity: This rule of perceptual organisation states that stimuli that are similar to one another are viewed as a group more often than those that are dissimilar from one another.
(c) Law of continuity: According to this perceptual organisation principle, there is a propensity to see a stimulus continuing in the direction it has been assigned. This law states that each stimulus’ apparent continuance is seen when two stimuli meet.
(d) Law of closure: This principle of perceptual organisation states that we have a propensity to view an incomplete stimulus as complete. Our brain fills in the blanks in an incomplete input, which causes us to interpret it as a meaningful figure.
2) Explain the core elements of thinking.
When we think, we construct a fictional universe in which we do various activities metaphorically rather than literally. The following are a few of the fundamental components of thinking:
1.) Mental representation is defined as “the mental imagery of a thing that is currently physically unavailable to the senses.” A ciphered interior sense is what the mind represents. Internal representations are learned either directly from experiences received via the senses or indirectly from narratives, visuals, audio, and other types of media. Each and every cognitive function is built on internal representations.
2.) Concept: A concept is “an internal representation that the brain uses to denote a specific classes of things in the world.” On the basis of similarities and contrasts among several senses, the concepts include the extraction of a “idea.” All cognitive processes have concepts as their foundation. In order to create more sophisticated ideas like schema, different concepts link with one another and serve as building blocks.
3.) Schema: According to Wikipedia, a schema is “an internal representation that organises knowledge about related concepts and relationships between them.” Most cognitive processes are affected by schema.
4.) Language is a symbolic language. Language is a more effective way to represent mental images, thoughts, and schemata. The word “cat,” for instance, is a sign for a cat because it refers to an actual animal. The process of thinking in humans is characterised by language use.
3) With the help of your own examples explain the difference between distraction of attention and fluctuation of attention.
Distraction of attention: After concentrating on one stimulus, attention may shift to another owing to certain internal or external disruptions. This is referred to as attentional diversion. Attention can be diverted by a variety of external elements, including stimulus intensity, size, movement, etc.
For instance, if your neighbours are playing a loud movie tune while you are studying, your focus may be momentarily diverted. Sometimes internal causes, such as an abnormal physical or psychological state, a lack of interest, or a mental attitude, can also divert attention. If you have a stomach ache, for instance, your focus can be diverted.
Fluctuation of Attention: Attention keeps swinging back and forth like a clock’s pendulum. We are unable to focus on one stimulus for an extended amount of time. For a brief moment, our attention is diverted to another stimulus before returning to the initial stimulus. This is referred to as attention fluctuation. The variables of weariness, lack of interest, allure of other stimuli, etc., can cause attention to fluctuate.
For instance, after paying attention to what your instructor is saying, you could briefly turn to a friend sitting next to you or an outsider standing in the hallway before returning to what your teacher is saying.
Also See: Personality Chapter Solution