Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Solution Chapter 9 – Disaster Management
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Solution Chapter 9: Disaster Management. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Disaster Management full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
Geography |
Chapter |
9 |
Chapter Name |
Disaster Management |
1) Choose the correct alternative :
1) Which of the following groups shows the correct type of disasters?
a) Tectonic b) Floods c) Tectonic d) Tectonic
Geological Geological Geological Human
Human Human Volcanic Biological
Climatic Climatic Climatic Volcanic
Answer – The following groups shows the correct type of disasters –
a) Tectonic
Geological
Human
Climatic
2) The Meteorological Department has given information that a cyclone is likely to make a landfall at Odisha in 2 days. Which of the following group shows the correct sequence of management processes?
a) Recovery b) Rehabilitation c) Preparedness d) Response
Rehabilitation Preparedness Mitigation Recovery
Preparedness Mitigation Response Rehabilitation
Mitigation Response Recovery Preparedness
Response Recovery Rehabilitation Mitigation
Answer – The correct sequence of management processes is shown by the following –
c) Preparedness
Mitigation
Response
Recovery
Rehabilitation
3) Statement A – The cyclonic depression originating in the Bay of Bengal is marching towards Tamil Nadu at a velocity of 350 km/ hr.
Statement B – The loss of life was not much but property loss occurred on a large scale.
i) A indicates a disaster and B indicates a hazard.
ii) A indicates a hazard while B indicates a disaster.
iii) A indicates a disaster but B does not indicate a hazard.
iv) A does not indicate a disaster but B indicates a hazard.
Answer – ii) A indicates a hazard while B indicates a disaster.
4) India has been successful in mitigating the effects of the following disaster:
a) earthquake
b) volcanic eruptions
c) floods
d) cyclones
Answer – c) floods
2) Write notes on :
1) Vulnerability
Answer – Vulnerability can be described by the geographical conditions and circumstances of a region or the people living there that makes them susceptible to a disaster like storms, volcanoes, earthquakes etc.
For example, people living in the coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to storms and cyclones compared to people in the interior regions. Those who live in the seismically active regions are prone to be affected by earthquakes.
The social, economic and political factors also affect people and it has been seen that poor people are more likely to be affected by disasters like cyclones, floods, etc since they live in mud houses with thatched roofs, which are prone to disasters. Further, age is also a criteria, since the old people and children suffer most. Density of population in an area also play a key role, as densely populated areas are more affected than areas where people live in a scattered manner.
In this way, vulnerability plays an important role, in deciding for preparedness as the vulnerable areas and people need utmost protection at times of disaster.
2) Disaster
Answer – Natural catastrophic events like volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, etc are termed disasters when they affect a large section of human population, cause damage to their life, property and day to day activities. Even hazards can become disasters like fire spreading into human settlement, causing widespread damage to life and property.
Man made disasters can be prevented to some extent by taking safety measures, avoiding human mistakes, and carelessness, but natural disasters are beyond human control.
Disasters could be classified depending on their nature of origin : –
1.) Tectonic Disasters – Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Tsunamis.
2.) Biological Disasters – Epidemics, Locust and Pest attacks
3.) Meteorological Disasters – Cyclones, Floods, Storms, Heat wave
4.) Geological Disaster – Avalanches, Mudslides, Landslide
5.) Anthropological / Man made Disaster – Transportation accidents, Nuclear accidents, Industrial accidents, fires.
3) Hazard
Answer – Hazards are either natural and environmental or man made phenomena that pose a threat to human beings, structural or economic assets like buildings, roads, bridges, and which may cause a disaster depending upon their intensity. Therefore, high rainfall may be termed as hazard as it may cause floods which may be catastrophic and disastrous consequentially. Therefore, a hazard can become a disaster when it affects a large number of human population, settlements and their activities.
The differences between hazard and disaster is not much and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, we must understand that since the two are different terms, they must carry differences in meanings as well. A disaster is a term given to human beings affected on a larger scale, and is the result of impact of a hazard on society. Disaster is more of an anthropocentric concept or is due to a man made or its affect on man, while hazard is a result of natural process. For example, an earthquake or a storm could be called as a hazard but the same event occurring in inhabited areas (where human beings live, or society as such) is called a disaster. A disaster is therefore the consequence of an hazard, and occurs when people are unable to adjust with the impact of the hazard, thereby, causing death, injury, loss of property as well as huge monetary and economic losses requiring rehabilitation and restoration work.
4) Man-made disasters
Answer –Disasters could be either natural due to environmental like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclonic storms, floods, landslides, etc or man made disasters like industrial accidents or fire, transportation accidents, or even events as catastrophic as nuclear accidents, such as in nuclear reactors like Chernobyl or Fukushima.
Natural disasters, are due to environmental factors and can not be controlled or prevented, but occurrence of man made disasters can be prevented by avoiding carelessness, mistakes and ensuring strict and disciplined human activities
3) Write in short :
1) Mitigation for cyclones
Answer – Mitigation are steps or measures taken to minimise the effects of disasters, before they occur, since they can’t be prevented.
Therefore mitigation for cyclones would involve knowing the perfect time and area of landfall with the help of satellite images and weather mapping technologies, so that the potential vulnerable coastal population could be evacuated and shifted to safer zones, thereby minimising loss to human life, property to whatever extent possible.
Loss to the potential vulnerable population could be minimised if mitigation for cyclones are done in a systematic and co-ordinated manner.
2) Preparedness for floods
Answer – Preparedness would mean the measures taken to be prepared for and reduce the effects of the disaster, which in this case is flood. The following measures could be taken –
a) Awareness campaigns informing people to vacate their houses to come out during floods.
b) Locate and plan for Rehabilitation centres (like school or college buildings) which are at some distance or height, so that the same are not inundated.
c) Hospitals to be prepared with medicines, particularly for malaria, typhoid, dengue or other water borne diseases.
d) Every household to be ready with dry food, emergency kit, medicines, and important documents, insurance policy, etc in case they would have to vacate due to inundation.
e) Weak structures to be strengthened to minimise damage due to rust, water seepage.
3) Rehabilitation after earthquake
Answer – The last stage for disaster management is Rehabilitation, which means to restore normalcy in the long term. This is a time taking process in which the victims undergo many years of effort and face lots of challenges.
Earthquakes are catastrophic events which often cause huge damage to life and property. So, rehabilitation events and efforts too are extremely time taking, since restoring normalcy, when almost everything has been destroyed requires a lot of effort, (both social and economical) and mental strength.
Rehabilitation involves restoration of schools, hospitals, houses and residential buildings, restoring water, electricity and communication networks.
4) Answer in detail :
1) Explain the types of disaster according to origin
Answer – Based on the nature of origin, disasters can be classified into the following –
a) Tectonic disasters – Volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes, etc which result from deep within the earth’s crust or due to the movement of the tectonic plates deep underneath are called tectonic disasters. Eg In the year 2004, the deadliest tsunami occurred in the Indian ocean affecting countries like Indonesia, Sri Lanka,, Thailand, India, Maldives and more than 2lac 30 thousand people were killed.
b) Geological disaster – Mudslides, Avalanches, Landslides, etc. Eg Malin mudslide in Maharashtra in 2014.
c) Meteorological disaster – Floods, cyclones, heatwave, storms which originate due to meteorological factors or because of the weather patterns are called Meteorological disaster. Eg. Floods of Kerala in 2018, or in the Yr 2008, due to heavy rainfall, Kosi river got flooded and changed her course into inhabited regions causing a big disaster.
d) Biological disasters – locust attacks, epidemics such as plague, flu, cholera, pest attacks. Eg The Surat plague in 1992
e) Anthropogenic or man made – Industrial or transportation accidents, Nuclear accidents. Eg the Bhopal gas tragedy – 1984;
2) Explain the effects of disasters with the help of examples
Answer – Disasters can bring long term effects in various sections of the society, that affect both the social and economic aspects that are very difficult to adjust. Broadly, we can divide these effects in 3 types –
a) Primary effects – The immediate effect caused by the disaster like damage to buildings during earthquakes, or other infrastructures during the floods. For example, in Indonesia, during the Tsunami on 26th December 2004 or the Malin Mudslide of 2014 in Maharashtra.
b) Secondary effect – The secondary effect is a consequence of the primary effect, ie damage to the buildings, may cause fires during earthquakes, or water logging in roads during floods, causing accidents, electrocution, etc
c) Tertiary effect – The tertiary effect is a consequence of both the primary and secondary effects and needs a long time to heal and bring things back in shape. Eg. Loss of homes due to effect of earthquakes would need a long time to get back to normal life. Change in course of river due to floods may eventually result in evacuation of a large number of people who would need rehabilitation. Economically, tourism is also adversely affected in the disaster struck areas, thereby the socio economic condition of the area also suffers.
3) Write about the preparedness in Disaster Management in India.
Answer – India’s geographical location and climatic conditions and its socio-economic diversity with highly dense population, make it one of the most vulnerable and disaster prone countries in the world.
Post Tsunami in 2004, the approach towards disaster management has changed drastically and various State Governments have been asked to set up a disaster management office.
The Central Government also, has set up two institutes in Delhi – The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) with the aim to mitigate damage potentials of future natural disasters.
At the state level there is the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) while in the district levels there is the District level there is the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA).
There is also the National Crisis Management Committee which functions at the centre in co-ordination with all the Disaster Management Authorities.
Various Nodal ministers under guidance of Ministry of Home affairs work in tandem to mitigate and sought out the issues. Other ministries like Ministry of agriculture, Irrigation departments may be involved in case of droughts or such conditions.
Military and para military forces like the home guard also play an important role, and so do the various agencies like ISRO, NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre) in disaster management.
4) Explain, with example, how will you carry out disaster management in your region/ premises.
Answer – In a city like Mumbai, where flooding is very common during the monsoon months due to heavy downpour, or there may be such conditions due to cyclones, disaster management can be carried out in the following way –
Preparedness and mitigation –
a) People should be informed through the mass media or through social media platforms to stay indoors if not extremely necessary. Further, they can be made aware to stay ready with ample food, medicine and drinking water if they get stuck due to flooding of neighbouring localities.
b) Electricity supply and telecommunications departments to keep their trained staff ready to restore services and to prevent accidents like electrocution due to damaged wires or to avoid other such accidents.
c) Buildings need to be strengthened and drainage, sewerage kept cleaned so that the flooded water can be drained out as soon as possible.
d) Hospitals should be kept ready with necessary medical instruments, kits and medicines. Doctors and nurses must be ready to attend any emergency situation.
Disaster response
a) Governments both state and centre must work in tandem (ie work hand in hand) to restore the situation at the earliest. NGOs also can join in to provide relief materials, food, medicines and temporary relief to those who are affected.
b) People should be moved from the disaster zone to safer places as soon as possible. Those with injuries and sickness must be given due medical care in hospitals if needed.
c) Restoration of normalcy is the primary priority by providing temporary relief to all affected in the disaster zone.
Recovery –
a) Primary aim of recovery in any kind of disaster would be restoration of normalcy in the social and economic lives of the people in the affected areas. This can be done by the physical repairs of their houses, properties, and normalising the basic services like transportation, and other related infrastructural issues.
b) Financial assistance to victims may also help them temporarily to cope up with the crisis to some extent.
Rehabilitation –
a) Rehabilitation of affected farmers and others related with agriculture in the long run is necessary as steps for revival of the economy.
b) Building houses that have collapsed in the disaster and thereby rehabilitating the inhabitants.
c) Restoring electricity, telecommunication networks, gas pipelines, drinking water supply are all important aspects of rehabilitation. Re-construction of schools and hospitals that were damaged due to the disaster is also a part of the rehabilitation process.
After the rehabilitation process is complete which takes time, some kind of normalcy is expected to come in place.