Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper Questions and Answers Solution, Notes by expert Geography Teacher.
(I) Answer the following in one sentence each. 1×10=10
(1) Name any two countries which have highest birth rate in the world.
Answer :
Niger and Chad
(2) What is mining?
Answer :
The extraction of raw materials from the surface of the Earth is known as mining.
(3) Name the first artificial satellite launched by Russia.
Answer :
Sputnik is the first artificial satellite launched by Russia in 1957.
(4) Define mega city.
Answer :
Megacity is an urban settlement with a population of more than 10 million. It includes nearby suburban locations also.
(5) Which state has longest sex-ration in India?
Answer :
Kerala
(6) Name the dam which was constructed across the river Sutlej Himachal Pradesh?
Answer :
BhakraNangal dam
(7) What is tissue culture?
Answer :
The scientific process of developing a cell or tissue or an organ in an artificial nutritive medium is known as tissue culture.
(8) What for Digboi is famous?
Answer :
Digboi in Assam is famous for oil fields.
(9) Where was the first cotton industry established in India?
Answer :
First cotton industry was established in Kolkata.
(10) On which river bank Kolkata port located?
Answer :
Kolkata port is on the banks of Hooghly River.
(II) Answer any Ten of the following in 2-3 sentences each. 2×10=20
(11) Differentiate between secondary and tertiary activities.
Answer :
The activities concerned with processing and converting raw materials into more valuable and useful products are known as secondary activities. Activities which help both the primary and secondary sectors for increasing their output are known as tertiary activities. Occupations like educational services, banking services, healthcare services, transportation etc come under tertiary activities.
(12) Why lumbering has developed in cold temperate regions?
Answer :
The act of gathering forest products and using them for livelihood is known as lumbering. It is usually done in temperate forest as well as tropical forest. Lumbering is extensively done in the coniferous forest region in Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and other cold regions because a single variety of tree is found in large extensive land which makes cutting and utilizing of wood easier.
(13) Mention any two cultural and religious towns of the world.
Answer :
The urban settlements which are famous for pilgrimage and worship are known as cultural and religious towns. Some famous cultural and religious towns are Jerusalem, Makkah, Rome, PuriJagannath, Varanasi etc.
(14) Name two states of highest and lowest HDI in India.
Answer :
Kerala and Delhi have the highest HDI in India. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have the lowest HDI in India.
(15) Name the varieties of coffee.
Answer :
Coffee Arabica and Coffee robusta are two main varieties of coffee.
(16) Mention any four metallic minerals.
Answer :
Four metallic mineral ores are iron, bauxite, gold, manganese etc.
(17 Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
Answer :
Non convention energy resources are the energy resources other than fossil fuels, and mineral oils. It includes solar energy, wind energy, biogas, tidal energy, biomass, geothermal energy etc. They are pollution free, and ecofriendly sources of energy generation. Conventional sources of energy are fossil fuels and mineral oils.
(18) Mention the major sugar producing states of India.
Answer :
Major sugar producing state of India are Sugarcane is a native commercial crop in India. Sugarcane is grown in many states in India but it is mainly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana and Uttarakhand.
(19) Write the advantages of Rail transport.
Answer :
Advantages of rail transport are it is helpful in transportation of raw material, labour, goods etc. It also led to the commercialization of agriculture through transportation of goods from one place to another.
(20) State the commodities of exports from India.
Answer :
Exports from India include Primary commodities, manufacturing goods, and services.
(21) What are the causes for air pollution?
Answer :
Causes of air pollution are burning of fossil fuels, gaseous release from industries, mining etc.
(22) Define sustainable development with examples.
Answer :
Sustainable development is the approach to development in which the needs of the present generation is achieved without compromising with the future generations needs.
(III) Answer any eight of the following in 25-30 sentences each. 5×8=40
(23) Explain the scope of Human geography.
Answer :
Human geography is a branch of geography which deals with the evolutionary relationship between man and environment. It studies the impact of human activities on the natural environment and its evolution accordingly. It had a wide scope on the evolution of the present environment. Like during the ancient times the human beings had a limited impact on the environment as they were dependent only on the activities like hunting, fishing and gathering and they lived a Nomadic life. With the domestication of animals and plants the agriculture settlements developed which further led to the development of the towns and cities. With scientific inventions like development of the internal combustion engine, human beings were able to have a more complex and dependent relationship with the environment.
(24) Explain the distribution of population in the world.
Answer :
The distribution of population in the world is not uniform. As of March 2012 the world has 7 billion individuals. The most important factor which helps to understand the distribution of population is the population density. It is defined as the ratio between the number of people to the size of land or the number of people per unit area. It is measured in number of persons per square kilometer.
Population density = total population/total geographical area
There are three regions on earth with a high population density. They are-
- Eastern southern and South eastern part of Asia
- North western part of Europe
- North eastern part of USA and South eastern part of Canada.
The tropical regions of the world and the moist temperate regions of Argentina southeast Africa and eastern Australia have a medium population density. While the areas of North and South pole and the areas of hot and cold deserts have a very low population density. According to population estimates Asia is the most populated continent in the world and it has 61% of the world’s population. Africa is the second most populated continent with 13% of the world’s population and Europe is the third most populated continent with 12% of the world’s population. Top 3 most populated countries in the world are China, India and the United States.
(25) Explain the demographic cycle.
Answer :
Demographic cycle is also known as the demographic transition model. It is used to represent the process of population transformation of countries over long period of time. It is based on the description made by an American demographer Warren Thomson in 1929.They are-
- First stage (high stationery)- It is seen in the countries which are economically most backward. It is characterized by high birth rate and high death rate.
- Second stage (early expanding)- this stage starts when there is an improvement in food supply and sanitation and the life expectancy of the population increases. It is characterized by declining death rates while the birth rate remains constant which leads to the rapid increase in population. In this face scientific advancement and improvement in farming techniques are also seen. It is usually seen in developing countries.
- Third stage (late expanding)- it is a stage of further urbanization in which both the birth rate and the death rate decline significantly. But due to a large population base there is a significant increasing population. Access to contraceptives, increased wages, and reduction in subsistence agriculture are the characteristics of this phase.
- Fourth stage (low stationery)- this face can be currently witnessed in Japan, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland. It is characterized by low birth rate and low death rate because of which the population becomes stationary. In this phase the lifestyle of the people and the working conditions become stationery. It is characterized by an old age population and various lifestyle diseases.
- Fifth stage (declining)– countries like Germany hungry Sweden and Norway are currently in this phase of demographic transition. It is characterized by a declining birth rate and low death rate. In this phase the population begins to decline.
(26) Write a note on water transport.
Answer :
When movement of goods and people takes place through Ocean, sea, river or any other water body then it is known as water transport. Oceans are the cheapest and one of the most used means of transport for international trade. It is useful for bulk trade as well as perishable products. There are two types of water transport namely Ocean transport and inland waterways. When ships and cargo vessels travel through oceans then it is known as Ocean transport. They follow a certain Ocean route and some of the important world famous Ocean routes are-
- North Atlantic sea route
- The Mediterranean sea route
- The cape of good hope sea route
- The north Pacific sea route
- The South Pacific sea route
- The South Atlantic sea route
When the movement of people and cargo takes place through canals, lakes or rivers then it is known as inland waterways. Some world famous inland waterways are-
- Therhine waterway
- The Danube waterway
- The Volga waterway
- The great lakes
- The Mississippi waterway
(27) Explain the causes and impacts of rapid growth of population in India.
Answer :
(28) What is migration? Explain the types of migration.
Answer :
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. There are various push and pull factors responsible for migration. Push factors like unemployment, poor living conditions, climate, natural disasters etc. are responsible for migration. Pull factors like job opportunities, better living conditions, security of life and property, healthy climate etc are also responsible for migration. Migration is classified into two types- internal migration and international migration. Internal migration is the movement of people within a country whereas international migration is the movement of people across the political boundaries to a different country.
(29) Give an account on land use pattern in India.
Answer :
Land is an important natural resource which is essential for survival of life on earth. The land use pattern is determined by factors like relief features, climate, soil, density of population, technical and social economic factors. India has a total geographical area of 328.7 million hectares which has been classified into following five types-
- Forest area – according to the National forest policy 1952 India is aiming to increase its forest cover to 33.3% of the total land. As per the 2019-10 records the total forest cover in India is 22.8% which is 69.63 million hectares. The proportion of forest area is mostly concentrated in states like Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh etc
- Area not available for cultivation– it is the land area which is covered by human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, mountains, deserts, marshes etc. It is nearly 14.2% of the total geographical area of India. Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have the highest concentration of this category of land.
- Other cultivated lands including fallow land– it accounts for 8.6% of the country’s total geographical area. It includes grazing land, permanent pasture, tree cover groves and cultivable wasteland. It is mostly concentrated in the states of Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
- Fallow land– the land which is not under cultivation for the last 3 to 5 years is called fallow land. 8.13% of total land area is currently under this category. This category of land is most found in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand.
- Net area sown– the total area under cultivation is known as net area sown. Presently 46.2% of the total geographical area of India is under this category. Due to increase in population the net sown area is also increasing. States like Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir etc have their maximum land under this category.
(30) Write a note on UKP.
Answer :
(31) Discuss the importance of agriculture in India.
Answer :
Agriculture is a primary sector activity which involves preparing soil and cultivating crops. It is an important primary sector activity in India. Majority of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture for its employment needs. After the green revolution India became self sufficient country in production of food grains and also one of the major produced of various crops like rice, wheat etc.
(32) Describe the distribution of wheat cultivation in India?
Answer :
Wheat occupies the second largest area under cultivation in India. About 19.7% of the total cropped area in India is under wheat cultivation and it accounts for 34.4% of the total food grain production in the country. It is a Rabi crop. It is a temperate crop and grows well between 10 degree Celsius to 15 degree celsius in its vegetative stage. It requires an annual rainfall between 50 to 75 cm and irrigation is also required. It grows well in black and heavy loam soils. Frost and hail storms during harvesting time are harmful for the crop. Nearly 85% of the total area under wheat cultivation is under irrigation.
Three methods of wheat cultivation are widely used. They are-
- Broadcastingmethod– in this method seeds are scattered on the prepared soil.
- Drillingmethod– in this method seeds are sown by drilling into the soil.
- Dibblingmethod– under this method seeds are sown by hand through plugged furrows.
(33) Write a note on Road transport of India.
Answer :
The four important types of roads are National Highway, State Highway, District Road, and Village Road. The national highways are developed under the National Highway Authority of India.
National Highways are main roads of the country which runs across the length and breadth of the country. It connects all the states, major cities, capital cities, industrial centres and all the major ports of the country. In India National Highways are constructed and maintained by the Central government and the National Highway Authority of India. Usually the are two lane, four lane or six lane wide roads. As of 2011 the total length of National highway in India is 71772 km and it constitutes 2% of the total road length of India. It carries 45% of the total road traffic in India. Presently there are 235 National Highways in India. The NHAI has planned to upgrade 14297 km of national highway to four and six lane roads. It has been divided into three components-
- The golden quadrilateral superhighways
- The North south and the east west corridors
- Port connectivity projects.
(34) Explain the causes and problems of slums.
Answer :
Slums are illegal construction within a city which are characterized by substandard housing and living conditions.There are various problems associated with slums like-
- It leads to degradation of environment and surroundings.
- Poor and unhygienic living conditions cause various diseases like diarrhoea, TB etc.
- The overcrowded narrow streets are prone to hazards like fire.
- Because of poverty there are cases of illegal works and underpaid unemployment.
- Undernourishment, malnutrition etc are witnessed in such areas.
- Poverty makes people of slums more vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism etc.
(IV) Answer any one of the following. 10×1=10
(35) Discuss the distribution of coal in India.
Answer :
Coal is an important carbon containing mineral fuel which is found in sedimentary rocks. It is a volatile matter which produces heat on burning. Importance of Coal-
- It contributes nearly 70% to the total commercial power production of India.
- It is the main fuel behind the running of power sector and industries. Nearly 94% of their total power requirements are met by coal energy.
- It is important for manufacturing of steel and iron.
- It is also raw material for many chemical industries and produces compounds like tar, naphthalene, ammonia gas, coal gas, benzol etc.
- It is also used in manufacturing synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes, and insecticides.
There are four types of coal found- Anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Most of the coal reserves are found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Jharkhand State of India. Presently 84.33% of the total coal production of India comes from Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
Chhattisgarh is the top coal producing state in India and it has the third largest coal reserves in India. Major coal producing regions in the state are Surguja, Bilaspur, and Korba. Jharkhand is the second largest state in terms of coal production and some major coal producing regions in the state are Jharia, Bokaro, Giridhi, Karnapur, Ramagarha, Auranga and Daltoganj etc. Jharia is the oldest and richest coal producing region of India. It is also known as the store house of the best metallurgical coal in India. Odisha is the third largest producer of coal and ranks second in estimated coal reserves in the country. Locations like Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, and Sundergarh district are famous for coal production in the state. According to the Geological survey of India the estimated gold reserves of India are 293.50 billion tonnes and it has produced 560.90 million tonnes in 2012-13. India is the third largest coal producing country in the world after China and USA.
(36) Explain the development and distribution of Iron and Steel industry in India.
Answer :
Iron and steel industries form the core of all other industries because of which they are also called basic industries. It provides raw materials for machinery formation, irrigation projects, equipment building, power projects, construction of bridges, buildings etc. This is an important aspect in the economic development of the country. The first modern iron and steel industry was established at Kulti in West Bengal in 1970. While the Tata Iron and steel company was established in 1907 at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand. In the post-independence era iron and steel plants were set up at Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, and Visakhapatnam.
It is a raw material-oriented industry and is located near the source of raw materials. It requires iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese and dolomite for iron and steel production. So, the location of these industries is highly influenced by the availability of iron ore and coal. Presently India is the fifth largest producer of iron and steel in the world, after China, Japan, USA, and Russia. The total iron production in India has increased from 8.80 million tonnes in 1981 to 57.16 million tonnes in 2008-09.
(V) Answer any two of the following.
(37) Represent the following data by a Pie-chart.
India : Area under selected kharif crops (in lakh hectare)
Crops | Area |
cereals | 35.5 |
pulses | 16.4 |
Oil seeds | 12.0 |
Commercial crops | 11.0 |
others | 5.1 |
Answer :
(38) Represent the following data by means of simple line graph.
India : Decade-wise sugarcane production (in million tons)
Year | Production |
1951 | 57.05 |
1971 | 110.0 |
1981 | 126.36 |
1991 | 156.24 |
2001 | 241.04 |
2011 | 286.00 |
Answer :
(39) Answer any two questions of the following
(a) Distinguish between primary and secondary data.
Answer :
Primarydata– The data which is collected for the first time by a researcher, or a group of researchers, institutions, or organisations is called as primary source of data. It is done through personal interviews, by observations, by questionnaire and by other methods also. Through personal interviews, interviewer gets the direct information from the respondents through dialogues and conversations. In observations, various natural phenomenon, relief features, drainage patterns etc are studied and collected. In questionnaire a set of questions is provided to the respondent to answer, and the respondent provides its opinions. Some other methods are like telephone interviews, measuring properties etc.
Secondarydata– Secondary sources of data are analysed by departments, organizations, NGO’s etc. In this method data is taken from primary sources of data and then interpreted. It is classified into two types- Published sources and Unpublished sources. Published sources are like international publications of organisations like WHO, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO etc, Government publications like NSSO, CSO, office of Registrar general etc, semi government publications and private publications like newspapers and periodicals. Where Unpublished sources are like government documents, semi-government records and private publications.
(b) Explain the components of GIS.
Answer :
There are five components of GIS-
- Data– It is divided into spatial, non-spatial, and continuous data. Spatial data includes geographic locational data, non-spatial data includes the information other than specific geographic data.
- Software– it is the programme which is designed to the run the computer. For example, ArcGIS, ArcInfo, iGIS etc.
- Hardware– it includes the hardware like Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner etc.
- People– it includes the skilled man force, which is involved in data capturing, processing, and analysing.
- Analysis– it involves processing information collected to get the valuable information.
(c) Explain the three segments of GPS.
Answer :
The Global Positioning System (GPS) has three segments-
- The space segment-It includes the satellite constellations which is working above the 20200 km from the earth’s surface. Presently it includes the 24 functioning GPS satellites located in the six orbital planes and 4 satellites in each orbital plane. All the satellites are inclined at the 63 degrees to the equator.
- The control segment-It includes the facilities which are necessary for the healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control, clock error, computation of satellites. There are five ground GPS stations on earth. They are in Hawaii, Colorado Spring, Ascension Island, Diego Gracia, and Kwajalein.
● The user segment-It is the complete user and supplier community. It includes all the earth-based GPS receivers.