Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 The Living World
CBSE Class 11 Case Study Questions Biology The Living World. Important Case Study Questions for Class 11 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions The Living World.
At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.
CBSE Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology The Living World
CASE 1
Life is a unique process that is made from the aggregation of molecules. These molecules undergo various chemical reactions to perform their specific functions which are called metabolism. This results in the production and utilization of energy. The metabolism will result in the growth, development, reproduction, adaptations, etc of the living organisms through the production of various biomolecules.
Living organisms contain certain important characteristics that include growth and development, body organization, homeostasis, reproduction, adaptation, and energy utilization.
The characteristic of living organisms is given below –
Growth – All living organisms can undergo the process of growth and development that results in an increase in the mass and number of cells. Multicellular organisms grow by cell division. The growth of plants and animals takes place with the help of cell division. In the case of plants, the cell division occurs throughout their life while in the case of animals the cell division occurs up to a certain age, and then the cells lose their capability to divide. It results in an increase in body mass and increases in the number of cells.
Metabolism– As the body and organs are the constituents of different chemicals, they perform various metabolic functions that result in the conversion of chemicals into other biomolecules. All plants, animals, and microbes exhibit metabolism. It is absent in the case of non-living organisms but may be introduced through the in-vitro method.
Sensitivity – The living organisms whether prokaryotes or eukaryotes respond according to their surroundings and the stimuli present around them, it may be physical, chemical, or biological. The living organisms are sensitive about their surroundings and are responsible in accordance with their stimuli. The stimuli can either be biological, physical, or chemical.
Reproduction – The ability to produce young ones is the process of reproduction which is observed only in the case of living organisms. In the case of fungi, reproduction occurs through asexual spores, while in the case of hydra budding occurs and in planaria regeneration occurs which are all the asexual methods of reproduction. Reproduction is the increase in the number of cells while in the case of mules, infertile human couples, etc reproduction is absent. So, reproduction is simply synonymous with growth which is not appropriate to distinguish the living organisms.
Cellular Organization: It is the defining characteristic of living organisms since all living organisms are made up of cells that help in performing various cellular functions resulting in the growth and development, reproduction, metabolism, etc in the body. Since non-living organisms are not made up of cells so they do not have cellular organization.
Movement: The lining organisms show movement and locomotion and more specifically plants move according to the movement of the sun.
(1) Which among the following best describes the word “Growth” in living organisms?
(a) Increase in mass either due to accumulation or due to changes that body undergoes internally
(b) Increase in mass due to internally cell division and increase in number due to replication are twin characteristic of growth
(c) All living organisms grow throughout their life
(d) Growth is a sufficient characteristic to determine whether an organism is living or non-living
(2) Reproduction in hydra takes place through ________
(a) Budding
(b) Binary Fission
(c) Asexual spores
(d) Fragmentation
(3) Consciousness and cellular organization of the body are the defining features of living organisms.
(a) True
(b) False
(4) Define metabolism.
(5) Write short noteon growth?
Answer key
(1) B
(2) A
(3) True
(4) Metabolism refers to the sum total of all the reactions that occur in an organism. Conversions of chemicals in a living organism are called metabolic reaction.
(5) All living organisms can undergo the process of growth and development that results in an increase in the mass and number of cells. Multicellular organisms grow by cell division. The growth of plants and animals takes place with the help of cell division. In the case of plants, the cell division occurs throughout their life while in the case of animals the cell division occurs up to a certain age, and then the cells lose their capability to divide. It results in an increase in body mass and increases in the number of cells.
CASE 2
Taxonomy is the study of the classification, characterization, nomenclature, and identification of organisms and it is a branch of science. Systematics is another branch of science that includes the study of the classification, nomenclature, identification, and evolutionary history of an organism. Thus, the taxonomic characteristics of an organism along with its evolutionary history come under systematics. In 1813, A.P de Candolle was the first to introduce the term taxonomy while systematics was introduced as the time of human civilization.
The term Systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ which means the systematic arrangement of organisms. Linnaeus (father of taxonomy) published his book Systema Naturae where the classification of plants, animals were based on taxonomy.
Neo-systematics is the branch of systematics that deals with the species to be the product of evolution. In 1940, Julia Huxley was the one who developed this concept. It involves the known characteristics of an organism and also the known evidence from different fields of biology.
Identification – It is the method of pacing the organisms in their exact place based on their classification. The identification of organisms can be done with the help of taxonomic keys.
Classification – The classification is the process of grouping various living organisms based on the common features that they share. A single group consists of those organisms that have similar common features. To make classification easier various groups are forms in which different organisms are placed depending upon their characteristics.
Characterization – The studying and understanding of characters of organisms and categorizing them like external and internal structure (morphology and anatomy), the structure of the cell (cytology), developmental process (embryology), and ecological information (ecology) of the organism.
(1) Who is the Father of New Systematics?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Theophrastus
(d) Julian Huxley
(2) Which of the following takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms?
(a) Cladistics
(b) Artificial System of Classification
(c) Natural System of classification
(d) Systematics
(3) Who is the father of taxonomy?
(4) Define taxonomy.
(5) What is mean by Systematics?
Answer key
(1) D
(2) D
(3) Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy.
(4) Taxonomy is the study of the classification, characterization, nomenclature, and identification of organisms and it is a branch of science.
(5) Systematics is another branch of science that includes the study of the classification, nomenclature, identification, and evolutionary history of an organism. Thus, the taxonomic characteristics of an organism along with its evolutionary history come under systematics.
CASE 3
The naming of living organisms is called nomenclature. There are two types of names, one is vernacular (common names) and the other is the scientific name. Local names are used in local languages or common language and are easy for the local peoples but these names are not used by biologists because:
- For many species a single local name is often used.
- The local names sometimes lead to incorrect meanings about the organism.
- In different regions of the country or world, the different local names are used for one organism.
Scientific names: The names are given according to certain rules and are followed by the biologist all over the world. To make it common around the world various international codes have been established.
These codes are:
- ICBN-International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
- ICZN-International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(1) What is the expansion of ICBN?
(a) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
(b) International Code for Biological Naming
(c) Indian Code for Biological Naming
(d) International Council for Biodiversity and Nature
(2) Which among the following is involved in the naming of the animals scientifically?
(a) ICBN
(b) ICAN
(c) ICPN
(d) ICZN
(3) Define nomenclature.
(4) What is ICZN?
(5) What is the need of nomenclature?
Answer key
(a) a
(b) d
(c) The naming of living organisms is called nomenclature. There are two types of names, one is vernacular (common names) and the other is the scientific name.
(d) ICZN is International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(e) There are different languages and so different regional names for an organism. Therefore, scientists came up with the idea of binomial nomenclature. Binomial nomenclature is introduced to standardize the name of a living organism.
CASE 4
Carl Linnaeus is the one credited for the introduction of the binomial nomenclature of the plants and animals with his work in the book Species Plantarum in 1753. Binomial nomenclature is the biological system of naming the organisms in which the name is composed of two terms, where, the first term indicates the genus, and the second term indicates the species of the organism. E.g., Mangifera indica Linn. Mangifera is the genus name and indica is the species name. Linn indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus who can give scientific names: Identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms are all involved in this branch of biology.
Rules:
- A scientific name generally has two components (words) in Latin or is derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
- The First word of the biological name denotes the genus name whereas the second one denotes species.
- When applying the binomial nomenclature system, the name of the species is written in italics or underlined separately when handwritten.
- The generic name must start with a capital letter while a specific name should start with a small letter.
- The name of the author is printed in Roman or an abbreviated form at the end after the species name.
- Only one correct name must be assigned to each taxonomic group.
- The scientific name selected should be such that it would be easy to pronounce, and short. Eg: Mangifera indica- Mangifera is the genus name and indica is the species name.
(1) A binomial nomenclature consists of _______ and_________
(a) Generic name and Phyla
(b) Class and Phyla
(c) Generic name and specific epithet
(d) Phyla and Kingdom
(2) Binomial nomenclature is given by ____________
(a) Carolous Linnaeus
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Henry Cavendish
(d) James Chadwick
(3) Binomial Nomenclature means giving a scientific name consisting of a generic name and a family name.
(a) True
(b) False
(4) Name the book written by Carolus Linnaeus?
(5) What is Binomial nomenclature?
Answer key
(1) C
(2) A
(3) False
(4) Species Plantarum is the book written by Carolus Linnaeus
(5) Binomial nomenclature is the biological system of naming the organisms in which the name is composed of two terms, where, the first term indicates the genus, and the second term indicates the species of the organism. E.g., Mangifera indica Linn.
CASE 5
In 1956 the term Taxon was introduced and in 1964, Mayr defined taxon to be the various categories based on different characters of the organisms that consist of a taxonomic group of any rank.
Taxonomic Hierarchy – Various organisms in different categories depending upon their common characters to make classification easier. These groups together are called taxonomic hierarchies. The taxonomic hierarchy includes. Kingdom, division of the kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species are the lowest while the kingdom is the highest rank within the hierarchy. It is also called the Linnaean hierarchy as it was first proposed by Carolus Linnaeus, the Father of Systematic Botany. The hierarchy includes seven obligate categories.
Species: It is the lowest category of the taxonomic hierarchy. There are around 8.7 million species observed on earth till now while their rest are left undiscovered. It refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, generative options. Species may be more divided into subspecies. It was first defined by Ernst Mayr in 1964 that the species are the interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The term species was first introduced by the biologist John Ray.E.g.: sapiens.
Genus: A category that is placed above species as they consist of a group of related species. Genus are of various types based on the number of species present like monotypic (one genus present), and polytypic (several species present). For e.g., the genus Panthera constitutes both lion and tiger.
Family: This taxonomic category consists of related genera having similar characteristics. For e.g., the families Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, etc come under one order Carnivora.
Order or Cohort: This taxonomic category is more specific than the class as it consists of one or more similar families. The class Mammalia consists of around twenty-six orders that include primates, Carnivora, etc.
Class: It was the most general taxonomic category before the introduction of phyla. In the animal kingdom, there are around 108 classes that include Pisces, reptilia, aves, etc. The categories used in classification now are different from those of the Linnaeus taxonomy.
Phylum: This category is more specific than the kingdom. In the animal kingdom, there are around thirty-five phyla that include phylum Arthropoda, Chordata, etc.
Kingdom: The highest level of classification is the kingdom which is further divided into various subgroups. The total kingdoms of the living organisms are five in number that includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
(1) A taxon can be defined as _________
(a) a group of related families
(b) a group of related species
(c) a taxonomic group of any ranking
(d) the number and type of organisms present on Earth
(2) Orders are grouped to form a __________
(a) Family
(b) Genus
(c) Class
(d) Phylum
(3) Who is the Father of Systematic Botany?
(4) What is mean by Taxonomic hierarchy
(5) What is Linnaean hierarchy?
Answer key
(1) c
(2) c
(3) Carolus Linnaeus, the Father of Systematic Botany.
(4) Various organisms in different categories depending upon their common characters to make classification easier. These groups together are called taxonomic hierarchies.
(5) The taxonomic hierarchy includes. Kingdom, division of the kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species are the lowest while the kingdom is the highest rank within the hierarchy. It is also called the Linnaean hierarchy as it was first proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.