Molecular biology is one of the branches of biology which includes the chemical structure and functions of various macro molecules is called as molecular biology. It deals with various broad terms such as replication, transcription, translation, splicing etc.
Central dogma is the major term of Molecular Biology. Central dogma includes replication, transcription and translation. The complete Molecular Biology is dependent on these three terms. To understand these terminologies, one should have knowledge about DNA structure and strands of DNA. There are 2 strands of double stranded DNA one is called as leading strand and another one is called as lagging strand.Leading strand synthesize in continuous manner whereas lagging strand synthesize in discontinuous manner.
1.) Replication can be defined as the production of two identical copies or replica of parent DNA. The production of two identical replicas from the original DNA its called as replication. Replication occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is basically a term for production of identical DNA with that of parent DNA. In prokaryotes replication occurs in C phase of cell cycle where as in Eukaryotic system replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle.
The process of replication is divided into three major steps initiation, elongation and termination.
The initiation step involves various initiator protein such as initiative protein in prokaryotes is DNA-A
Where as in eukaryotes it is ORC which initiates the replication. Along with this enzymes like helicase, single standard binding protein, primase, DNA polymerase are involved.
The elongation step includes increasing the length of DNA.
The termination step includes application with the help of primer removal and gap filling.
2.) Transcription: It can be defined as the production of mRNA from DNA or making the copies of mRNA its called as transcription. Transcription also divided into three steps such as initiation, elongation and termination.
3.) Translation: Translation can be termed as the production of proteins from mRNA. Translation also includes three steps initiation, elongation and termination.
Also See: Fermentation Means