Telangana SCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 Solution – Settlements – Migrations. Here in this post we have provided Class 10 Social Science Settlements – Migrations Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class X Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 Settlements – Migrations Solution:
1.) What is a settlement?
Ans: The way we organise ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement – that is, the geographic space where we live and work. In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities – Educational, Medical, Religious, Commercial, etc.
2.) How was human lifestyle changed with settlements?
Ans: For about 1.8 lakh years, early humans lived in bands as hunter-gatherer. They did not practice agriculture. However owing to changes in ways of obtaining food, some bands took to the deliberate method of production of food – agriculture. As agriculturalists, they were increasingly sedentary (staying in one place).
To understand this, we need to look at these basic concepts: (1) site (2) situation (3) the history of the place.
n early settlement periods, places which had favourable water supply and good protection from invasions were preferred. For example, Chhatrapati Shivaji built a fort in Pratapgadh, Maharashtra. This site was chosen because of its altitude from where all the surrounding areas could be seen. This provided military security. Places do not exist in isolation. They are in some way connected to other places. Situation describes the connections with other places. For example: Visakhapatnam is located on the coast and connects to many places in and outside of India. Over the decades, Visakhapatnam’s population has grown significantly. This growth is a result of the importance of Visakhapatnam as a port city. This population increase also indicates growth in economic and social opportunities. Visakhapatnam has a long history. It was ruled by different dynasties during pre-colonial times. During the 19th century, the British and French fought a naval battle over this city. Coastal places were of immense significance for colonial powers because they could build ports there. These ports would enable export of raw materials to the colonising country. In fact, cities such as Mumbai and Chennai were further developed by the colonial powers to better exploit the natural resources of India. The fight for Visakapatnam was for similar reasons.
3.) How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them inorder of size and other characteristics?
Ans:
Settlements | Characteristiscs | Examples |
Mega cities | Cities with population of 10 million. | Greater Mumbai UA ( 18.4 million population)
Delhi UA (16.3 million population) |
Metropolitan cities
(million plus cities) |
Cities having populationbetween one million and 10 million | Chennai (8.6 million), Hyderabad (7.2 million) |
Cities/ Class
( 1 cities) |
Urban areas having population between1 lakh and one million. | Nellore (4.6 lakh)
Mumbai (1.2 crore) |
Towns | All the urban areas havingpopulation between 5000 and 1 lakh | Akot, Maharashtra (92, 637)
Afzalpur, Karnataka (27,088) Alipurduar , West Bengal (65,232) |
Revenue/ Census Village | A village with defined borders | Kallur (15, 807) |
Hamlets | A group of houses withinthe revenue village. | Mugidibba, (7,819) |
4.) What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured?
Ans: A new kind of settlement is happening in many countries, including India. These settlements are centered around large airports. Hence, the name aerotropolis or airport city. In an aerotropolis, the airport functions as a city in its own right. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing etc, are provided right there. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there and fly out with all the comforts of a city, without the traffic and other problems. Some form of aerotropolises are emerging in these places in India: Kempegouda International Airport (Bengaluru), Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi), and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
5.) Read the last para of page 100 “When families migrate …… many of them become dropouts”, and comment on it.
Ans: When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities. Grown up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new workplaces. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back. They finally become dropouts. When males leave their families, it is also a major challenge for women who have to take care of all the responsibilities of the family and elderly people who need care. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts. Migration leaves a considerable mark on the migrants also. Exposure to different environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmosphere leave a deep impact on migrants. This also depends on the length of migration. Most migrants and particularly those going for a long term send remittances. In some regions of India, nearly one-third of households depend on the remittancessent by their migrant members. Majority of seasonal migrants either remit or bring back savings. Migration allows households to meet debts and other obligations without having to sell assets. It is also common to find migrant families buying house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables. Some migrants might take up jobs in the destination, acquire skills required in the destination area, become aware of how to get regular jobs and migrate regularly or permanently.
6.) Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas.
Ans: People from rural areas, move to cities and towns to work in industry and other service activities. This has been recognised as a natural reason to increase their income and for better family prospects. In this process, they have opportunities for education, new jobs and to acquire new skills. Towns also appear to offer greater freedom and somewhat less discrimination based on caste and gender. However, many move to urban areas more out of desperation and not having adequate employment opportunities in the rural areas. For these people, living conditions in slums in towns and cities are worse because space is cramped and even basic facilities such as drinking water and sanitation aren’t available. These people are not able to find jobs in the ‘organised sector’ and therefore there is no job security and decent income that they were aspiring for. They continue to live as daily workers.
Whereas, a large section of rural workers migrate for a short duration and particularly due to distress caused in rural areas. They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low income households, dalits and adivasis.
7.) Do you think migrants are trouble makers/ trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify your answer.
Ans: Migrants are not trouble makers because, migrants are unskilled and perform manual labour and face many hardships in their countries of work. They spend more on food as they cannot get food grains from fair price shops at their workplaces.
They live in harsh circumstances and unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to disease. Those working in quarries, brick kilns, construction sites and mines suffer from body ache, sun stroke, skin irritation and lung diseases. When employers do not follow safety measures, accidents in industrial areas and construction sites are also common. Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the organised sector.
Instead, at times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries, recruitment agents cheat prospective workers or collect more than the prescribed fees for their role in getting work for workers abroad. Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry, change the employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers, pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits and other perks. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments, and deny permission to keep one’s own passport.
8.) How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas?
Ans: People from rural areas, move to cities and towns to work in industry and other service activities. This has been recognised as a natural reason to increase their income and for better family prospects. In this process, they have opportunities for education, new jobs and to acquire new skills. Towns also appear to offer greater freedom and somewhat less discrimination based on caste and gender. However, many move to urban areas more out of desperation and not having adequate employment opportunities in the rural areas. For these people, living conditions in slums in towns and cities are worse because space is cramped and even basic facilities such as drinking water and sanitation aren’t available. These people are not able to find jobs in the ‘organised sector’ and therefore there is no job security and decent income that they were aspiring for. They continue to live as daily workers.
In fact, villagers pre-arrange their jobs from rural areas and come to urban areas through their contacts or networks. They keep close ties with their rural areas for a variety of reasons. Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural areas so that potential migrants can engage in rural-based job search. In most cases, migration is the survival strategy for many families.
9.) Why are only professionals able to go to developed countries? Why cannot unskilled workersmigrate to these countries?
Ans: People with technical skills and professional expertise have migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and other developed countries. IT professionals, doctors and management professionals are an example of this type. Indians migrating to countries such as UK and Canada in 1950s and 1960s were unskilled whereas in the later years, mostly professionals went to these countries. In recent times, Indian professionals also go to countries such as Germany, Norway, Japan and Malaysia. In the 1950s, about 10,000 persons a year went to developed countries and in 1990s, this has increased to more than 60,000 a year. These countries therefore want skilled professionals to migrate to their countries so that their productivity increases and also their GDP, as skilled migrants would have the experience and expertise in those fields, which the unskilled labourers lack.
10.) Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and internationalmigration.
Ans: Similarities: Both these migrations happen because of employment opportunities as the salary is high in the migrating places than the places where they used to work in; in both of the situations, the overall improvement of the place takes place economically, socially and morally; There is an exchange in the cultural characteristics when a migrant meets a person who already resides in that country. Both of their cultural traits gets reciprocated which results in a vast cultural exchange of characteristics.
Differences: When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities. Grown up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new workplaces. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back. They finally become dropouts; Exposure to different environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmosphere leave a deep impact on migrants; Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry, change the employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers, pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits and other perks. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments, and deny permission to keep one’s own passport.
11.) Locate the following in the map of India.
a) Chennai b) Bengaluru c) Delhi d) Hyderabad e)Kolkata
ANs: