Telangana SCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Solution – Ideas of Development. Here in this post we have provided Class 10 Social Science Ideas of Development Telangana State Board Solution. Telangana State Board English Class X Medium Students can download this Solution to Solve out Improve Your Learning Questions and Answers.
Telangana State Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Ideas of Development Solution:
1.) What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of the above criterion,if any?
Ans: For comparing countries, their income isconsidered to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more developed than countries with lower income. This is done based on the understanding that more income means more access to things that human beings need to fulfil their basic requirements. Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal. The income of the country is total of the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country.
However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell what an average person likely earns.
2.) Usually behind each social phenomenon, there would be severalcontributing factors, and not one. What are the factors that came together for thedevelopment of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Ans: At the time of Indian independence, like most other states in India, Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, spread of schools, particularly to the rural areas, appeared to be big challenge. However, both the government of Himachal Pradesh and the people of the state were keen on access to better education. How to translate this aspiration to reality for all the children? The government started schools and made sure that education was largely free or cost very little for parents. Further, it tried to ensure that these schools had at least the minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc. As the yearswent by, these facilities were improved and expanded. More schools were opened and teachers were appointed so that many more children could study easily. Of course, to open schools and run them well, the government had to spend money. Among the Indian states, Himachal Pradesh has the distinction of one of the highest spending from the government budget on education of each child. In the year 2005, the average spending on education by the government in Indian states was Rs 1,049 per child on the other hand, Himachal Pradesh was spending Rs. 2,005 per child! The high priority on education paid off. In an intensive survey on schooling done in 1996 and repeated in 2006, the surveyors noted: Students in Himachal Pradesh come to school enthusiastically. An overwhelming proportion of students enjoyed their schooling experience: “The teacher loves us and teaches us well”, said Neha, enrolled in Class 4 in a village in Chamba. Children had dreams of studying till higher classes and aspirations to be policemen, scientists and teachers. The attendance rate was very high in primary classes, but also among older children. The norm in Himachal Pradesh has come to at least 10 years of schooling for children. In many parts of the country, girls’ education is still given less priority by the parents as compared to boys’ education. While girls may study for a few years, they may not complete their schooling. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for their boys. Thus, in the 13-18 age group, a very high percentage of girls are completing class VIII and moving to secondary classes. This doesn’t mean there are no differences in the status of men and women, but the differences are less as compared to many
the gender bias is less in Himachal Pradesh as compared to other states. Besides education, this can be seen in other areas as well. Child mortality (children dying within a few years of birth) in Himachal Pradesh is lower for girls than for boys, in contrast to most other states. One major consideration is that many Himachali women are themselves employed outside the home. Women who work outside the homes are economically independent and self-confident. They have greater say in household decisions, including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc. Also, being employed themselves, Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside home after marriage. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and has become a social norm. It has been seen that Himachali women have a comparatively high involvement in social life and village politics. Active mahila mandals can be found in many villages.
The comparison across two different years is indicative of development that has happened. Clearly, there has been greater development in schooling and spread of education in Himachal Pradesh than India as a whole. Though there is still difference in the average levels of education among boys and girls, i.e. across genders, there has been some progress towards greater equality in the recent years.
3.) In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compares countries based on the educational attainment of the people, their health status and per capita income, whereas, World Bank, for comparing countries, considers their income to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more developed than countries with lower income. This is done based on the understanding that more income means more access to things that human beings need to fulfil their basic requirements.
4.) Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in thechapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Ans: There are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in thechapter that should be considered in measuring human development:
i) Birth rate
ii) death rate
iii) Urbanization, i.e., development of roads, hospitals, schools, offices.
iv) Business growth, both private and public sectors.
5.) Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Ans: Averages are used to calculate a large total based on small number for quicker results.
While using averages, the results are not always accurate as the amount calculated are based on a smaller scale, instead of individual results.
Example: Since countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income which is total income of the country divided by total population. The average income is also called per capita income.
6.) What lessons can you draw about the importance of income that Himachal Pradeshwith lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana?
Ans: Per capita income tells the average income of the individual but doesn’t accurately reveal the total development in that area. In the case of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, the former does have a higher per capita income, but the later even though having less per capita income than the former, has a better human development index, because of the presence of abundant hospitals, road, schools, etc., than Haryana.
7.) Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ______girls had studied beyond theprimary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, thisproportion reached _____ out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boyswho had studied beyond primary level was only _____out of 100 in the year 2006.
Ans: 67, 76, 82
8.) What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomescan make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was itnecessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Ans: The per capita income in the stateHimachal Pradeshis Rs. 2,22,227
Higher incomes would be a great improvement in the state of Himachal Pradesh as parents could send their children to schools instead of child labour.
The government started schools and made sure that education was largely free or cost very little for parents. Further, it tried to ensure that these schools had at least the minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc. As the yearswent by, these facilities were improved and expanded. More schools were opened and teachers were appointed so that many more children could study easily. Of course, to open schools and run them well, the government had to spend money. Among the Indian states, Himachal Pradesh has the distinction of one of the highest spending from the government budget on education of each child. In the year 2005, the average spending on education by the government in Indian states was Rs 1,049 per child on the other hand, Himachal Pradesh was spending Rs. 2,005 per child.
9.) Why do you think do parents accord less priority to girls education as compared toboys? Discuss in the class.
Ans: In many parts of the country, girls’ education is still given less priority by the parents as compared to boys’ education. While girls may study for a few years, they may not complete their schooling. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for their boys. Thus, in the 13-18 age group, a very high percentage of girls are completing class VIII and moving to secondary classes. This doesn’t mean there are no differences in the status of men and women, but the differences are less as compared to many other regions, particularly north Indian states. One may wonder why the gender bias is less in Himachal Pradesh as compared to other states. Besides education, this can be seen in other areas as well. Child mortality (children dying within a few years of birth) in Himachal Pradesh is lower for girls than for boys, in contrast to most other states. One major consideration is that many Himachali women are themselves employed outside the home. Women who work outside the homes are economically independent and self-confident. They have greater say in household decisions, including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc. Also, being employed themselves, Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside home after marriage. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and has become a social norm. It has been seen that Himachali women have a comparatively high involvement in social life and village politics. Active mahila mandals can be found in many villages.
10.) How does the gender bias affect when the women work out side of the home?
Ans: Many women are themselves employed outside the home. Women who work outside the homes are economically independent and self-confident. They have greater say in household decisions, including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc. Also, being employed themselves, mothers expect their daughters to work outside home after marriage. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and has become a social norm.
11.) In the class 8th you read about the Right to Education Act. In the light of what youhave read in this chapter and already know, discuss the importance of this Act for(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Ans: i) The Right to Education act ensure that all children between the age of 6 to 14 has to go to school, and acquire the basic education as prescribed by the government, so that they can be well-established in lives and be independent.
ii) With education, comes a responsibility. Better education to children makes them eligible for more jobs and helps them to acquire money for their knowledge. That money can be used in various ways for the up-liftment of his/her family, society, or city.