PSEB Punjab Board Class 8 Social Science Textbook Solution Chapter 9 Rural Life and Society Exercise Questions and Answers
Chapter 9 – Rural Life and Society
(A) Answer the following questions:
1.) When, where, and by whom was the permanent system started?
Ans: In 1793 A.D., Lord Cornwallis established Permanent Settlement of Land in Bengal and Bihar provinces.
2.) When, where, and by whom was the Ryatwari system started?
Ans: In 1820 A.D., a British officer named Thomas Munro established the Ryatwari system in Madras and Bombay.
3.) In which three areas Mahalwari system implemented?
Ans: The Mahalwari system was implemented in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and few territories of Madhya Pradesh.
4.) How the commercialization of agriculture started?
Ans: According to the land revenue policies of the British, the farmers had to pay a fixed amount of land revenue on time. Therefore, commercialization of agriculture started so that the farmers could sell all the crops in the market, and pay the maximum amount of money as land revenue to the government.
5.) Which were the commercial crops?
Ans: Wheat, cotton, oilseeds, sugarcane, jutewere the commercial crops.
6.) Mention two merits of the commercialization of agriculture.
Ans: a. New types of crops were grown and agriculture increased.
b. Transportation was built so that the crops could also be transported to markets.
7.) Mention two demerits of commercialization of agriculture.
Ans: a. Indian farmers used traditional farming practises, which were incomparable to the crops grown in America, Europe, with the help of machines.
b. The farmers had to sell their crop throughout the market via money lenders, who used to maximize profit, which in result reduced the farmer’s earnings.
8.) What was Permanent Settlement? What were the economic effects of this system?
Ans: In 1793 A.D. Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal. Later, it was extended to Bihar, Orissa, Banaras and Northern India also. According to this system, landlords were made the land owner of the land. The land revenue was fixed which the zamindars deposited in the treassury. If because of any reason the zamindars failed to deposit the fixed revenue, government used to sell some part of their land to realize revenue. The zamindar had the right to collect the land revenue from the people in any way they wanted.
The zamindars used to commit atrocities on the farmers. The income of the company’s government was fixed, but the expenditure started increasing with the passage of the time so the company was in loss. The burden of taxes increased on the non-agriculturalist class of other occupation.
9.) Write a note on Indigo-revolt.
Ans: The indigo cultivators revolted against the increased tax on Indigo. In 1858 AD and 1860 AD, the revolt spread in large parts of Bengal and Bihar. The Britishers forced the cultivators to grow indigo by giving warnings but, the cultivator refused to do so. But when they were forced cultivators started attacking and looting factories of the British planters. All the efforts to control the cultivators failed. In 1866-68 A.D., a revolt in champaran (Bihar) occurred. This indigo revolt continued till when in the early 20th century Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi extended his support in favour of indigo cultivators.
(B.) Fill in the Blanks:
1.) The contractors _______ the farmers.
Answer:Exploited
2.) The _______ became land owners due to permanent settlement.
Answer:Zamindars
3.) Zamindars committed _______with the farmers.
Answer:atrocities
4.) _______ was the main occupation of the Indians before the British rule.
Answer:Agriculture
(C.) Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:
1.) Due to British rule self sufficiency of the vtllage economy got much benefit in India.
Answer:False
2.) Mahalwari system was made with whole community of the village.
Answer: True.
3.) The Britishers implemented sale rule according to Permanent settlement it Bengal.
Answer:True.
(D.) Match the words:
Answer:
A | B |
1. Warren Hastings | (iii) Permanent Settlement |
2. Lord Cornwallis | (i) Permanent Settlement |
3. Thomas Munro | (ii) Ryatwari System |
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