Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solution Chapter 7 – Public Administration
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solution Chapter 7: Public Administration. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Public Administration full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
Political Science |
Chapter |
7 |
Chapter name |
Public Administration |
1.) (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.
1.) The backbone of any administrative system is ……………………….
(material resource, human resource, natural resource, geographic resource)
Answer – The backbone of any administrative system is human resource
2.) Gulick and …………………………. putforth the acronynm POSDCORB.
(Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Simon, Urwick, Dwight Waldo)
Answer – Gulick and Urwick putforth the acronynm POSDCORB.
(B.) Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.
(a) Kautilya – Arthashastra
(b) Aristotle – The Politics
(c) Machiavelli – Republic
Answer – The incorrect pair is
(c) Machiavelli – Republic
The correct pair would be
(c) Machiavelli – The Prince
Public Administration Solution
(C) State the appropriate concept for the given statement.
1.) The systematic management of governmental affairs in 18th century Germany and Austria –
Answer – Cameralism. Cameralism, refers to a system of “sciences” during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It attempted to extend and improve administrative practices to serve the monarchs of Germany and Austria. The themes taken up by the cameralists are still relevant to public administration.
2.) Efforts of companies to integrate social and environmental concerns –
Answer – Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Companies try to integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations. CSR is not charity but a way to improve society. These activities include work like limiting pollution, disaster relief, clean water and educational programs in developing countries, etc.
2.) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.
1.) The first step in administration is staffing.
Answer – False. The first step in administration is planning where broad outline or a blueprint is prepared. This happens at all three levels : National, State and Local. For instance the NITI Aayog has adopted a bottom –up approach where planning begins at the grassroots level and then reaches at the top.
2.) Public Administration as an academic discipline was born in India.
Answer – False. Public Administration as an academic discipline was born in the United States. Woodrow Wilson was the first to emphasise the need for the study of public administration as a subject. His celebrated essay ‘The Study of Public Administration’ published in 1887 laid the foundation of the science of public administration. He was one of the first political leaders who emphasised the need to increase the efficiency of the government. Wilson argued that administration is the most obvious part of the government but the least discussed aspect of the government.
3.) Explain the co-relation between the following.
1.) Political science and Public administration
Answer – Political Science studies the manner in which public policies and laws are made. It studies the role of the political parties and other organisations, various governmental institutions like the Parliament, Election Commission, etc.
Public Administration basically implements these laws and public policies. There are many specialised functions which governments have to perform like maintaining law and order; providing education; securing public health; promoting agriculture; providing social security, social welfare, sanitation, transport and communication facility etc. Each of these is a specialised activity requiring special skills. For instance, public health requires doctors, law and order requires trained police. When the administration of these activities is carried on by the government and its different organisations they fall into the domain of public administration. Thus a District Collector, Tehsildar, Block Development Officer, Police Officer, Anganwadi Worker, etc. are all part of the public administration in India. They assist the government in implementing various policies and programmes of the government. When some of the same functions mentioned above (like providing Education or Healthcare) are performed by private organisations (institutions/ companies) or any non-governmental organisations the word used would be private administration or business administration.
Public Administration broadly includes following:
- Activities of the government especially, that of the executive branch.
- Management of public affairs and activities.
- Public welfare and well-being of the people.
Public Administration Solution
Scope of Public Administration:
Narrow and Broad
The scope of public administration can be divided into two broad categories.
(i) Narrow Perspective
In a narrow sense it focuses on those aspects of administration which are related with only the executive branch of the government. This view was given by Gullick and Urwick in their famous acronym POSDCORB. This view of the scope of public administration is limited to following things:
P- Planning: The first step in administration is planning where broad outline or a blueprint is prepared. This happens at all three levels : National, State and Local. For instance the NITI Aayog has adopted a bottom –up approach where planning begins at the grassroots level and then reaches at the top.
O- Organisation: The planned objectives and goals are achieved by establishing the formal structure of authority through which the work is arranged, defined and coordinated. For example, All India Services, Central, State and Local Services.
S- Staffing: Human resources are the backbone of any administrative system. The personnel who actively engage in the process of administration are to be recruited and trained. It is also important to maintain favourable working conditions for them. For example, recruitment through UPSC and State PSC.
D- Directing: Administration is a continuous activity. Therefore making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions is also necessary.
CO-Co-ordination: Administration is a complex and interrelated process and hence different parts of organisation such as branches, divisions, sections need to be co-ordinated. This helps in elimination of overlapping work and prevents conflict.
R-Reporting: Information related to the on-going or completed task and its reporting to higher authorities is a key aspect of administration. This ensures accountability and responsibility within administration.
B-Budgeting: Finance is a key aspect of any activity. Therefore accounting, fiscal planning and its control are maintained through budgeting.
(ii) Broad Perspective In a wider sense (broader sense), public administration includes the activities of all the three branches of the government. This is quite different from the narrow or managerial view of public administration that focuses only on the activities of the executive branch of the government. The broader view of public administration involves the activities of legislature, executive as well as judiciary and their inter-relationships. This broader view of public administration is seen as a cooperative group effort. It also focuses on formulation of policy and hence it is part of the larger political process. In a wider sense, public administration is also engaged in collaborations and interactions with numerous private groups and individuals in providing basic services to the community. This would include specialised functions of the government such as defence, finance, education, health care etc. This means broader view of public administration is concerned with both, the techniques of administration such as POSDCORB and with other substantive matters of administration.
2.) National Administration and State Administration
Answer – At the national level, the work of the Central Government is conducted by various ministries (departments). For example there are ministries of Agriculture, Health, Home, Defence, etc. Each ministry (or department) is headed by a minister. Below the minister is the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery. Besides the ministries there are such institutions like the Election Commission, Union Public Service Commission, National Commission for Backward Classes, NITI Aayog, etc. These also require administrators or a bureaucracy.
At the state level also, there are various ministries and commissions that do the work of the government. Like the Central government, the ministries of the State are also headed by a minister and staffed by the bureaucracy.
At the local level administration is of two types: urban and rural administration. At the district level the highest administrative officer is the Collector. In large cities, the Municipal Commissioner is in charge of the Municipality or Municipal Corporation. In rural areas, at the level of the Tehsil the Tehisildar looks after the administration.
4.) Answer the following.
1.) Explain the functioning of the administration
Answer – The functioning of the administration can be divided into the following levels : –
(i) At the national level, the work of the Central Government is conducted by various ministries (departments). For example there are ministries of Agriculture, Health, Home, Defence, etc. Each ministry (or department) is headed by a minister. Below the minister is the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery. Besides the ministries there are such institutions like the Election Commission, Union Public Service Commission, National Commission for Backward Classes, NITI Aayog, etc. These also require administrators or a bureaucracy.
(ii) At the state level also, there are various ministries and commissions that do the work of the government. Like the Central government, the ministries of the State are also headed by a minister and staffed by the bureaucracy.
(iii) At the local level administration is of two types: urban and rural administration. At the district level the highest administrative officer is the Collector. In large cities, the Municipal Commissioner is in charge of the Municipality or Municipal Corporation. In rural areas, at the level of the Tehsil the Tehisildar looks after the administration.
(iv) There is a close link between the political leadership and the administrative machinery. The Ministers are in charge of the ministries and the departments at the national and the state levels. At the local level also the political leaders are closely linked to the administrative machinery. For example at the rural level, the President of the Zilla Parishad or the Chairperson of the Panchayat Samiti or the Sarpanch are in close contact with the administration. At the urban level, Municipal Corporation and the Municipal Council has elected members who are in contact with the administration.
(v)The recruitment for all administrative posts at all levels is done through competitive examinations conducted by the government. At the central government level, the UPSC and Staff Selection Commission are the bodies that conduct these examinations. At the State level, the State Public Service Commissions conduct these examinations.
(vi)The bureaucracy follows the principle of political neutrality. They owe allegiance to the constitution and not to any political party. In the next chapters we will learn about Development Administration
2.) Explain the steps in public policy making.
Answer – Today the government has become more complex with increasing inter connectivity, technological innovations, forces of globalisation and challenges that arise because of all this. Thus government today undertakes various activities that go beyond what we call simple administration of activities in the public sphere. Today government is increasingly about making and implementing public policy for the welfare and well-being of people. The new approach to understand this aspect of government activities is called Public Policy.
Availability of electricity in rural areas is a major issue in India. So the task of the government is to provide electricity to these areas. The Government of India came up with a programme called Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana. This is a Public Policy aiming to electrify rural hinterland of India. The Ayushman Bharat is another example of public policy. The aim is to provide universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face financial hardship.
Public policy can be understood in three steps:
(i) Policy Choice: Citizens face several problems. Ministers, politicians, members of parliament, bureaucrats or other authorities decide on issues to be dealt with. Then various options are discussed about how to deal with those issues. For example, the issues may be of water supply to the city, or anti malaria programme. On the basis of this discussion a policy or a programme is decided.
(ii) Policy Output: This stage is of actual implementation of the policy. This determines the policy output.
(iii) Policy Impact: The third is to understand the impact of the policy. This is the evaluation stage. The objectives of the policy are assessed to determine the impact of the policy. Let us try to understand the process of public policy making and its implementation through this following example. The local government of your area is facing the problem of waste management or garbage disposal. The critical issue here is of hygiene and sanitation. The people’s representatives (i.e. Municipal Corporators, office bearers and members of Gram Panchayat, etc.), government officers (Ward officers) and local residents discuss this and decide upon a particular policy choice about garbage disposal. Suppose the decision was to segregate the waste at source and its separate collection and treatment. It will then formulate a plan about the method to implement the decision mentioned above. This falls into what we said earlier a Policy Choice. The second stage is to implement it i.e. Policy output. While implementing the decision government as well as non-government agencies can be involved in the task. The third stage is Policy Impact which tries to look at whether it has worked in the manner expected. This is the evaluation stage. It tries to understand the problems in implementation so that the work can be improved upon later.
Public Administration Solution
5.) Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.
Discuss the scope of public administration with reference to the following points.
(a) Planning
Answer – In a narrow sense or Perspective, it focuses on those aspects of administration which are related with only the executive branch of the government. This view was given by Gullick and Urwick in their famous acronym POSDCORB. This view of the scope of public administration is limited to following things:
P- Planning: The first step in administration is planning where broad outline or a blueprint is prepared. This happens at all three levels : National, State and Local. For instance the NITI Aayog has adopted a bottom –up approach where planning begins at the grassroots level and then reaches at the top.
The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on 1st January 2015. NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs. While designing strategic and long term policies and programmes for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides relevant technical advice to the Centre and States.
(b) Organisation
Answer – O- Organisation: The planned objectives and goals are achieved by
establishing the formal structure of authority through which the work is arranged, defined and coordinated. For example, All India Services, Central, State and Local Services.
(c) Staffing
Answer – S- Staffing: Human resources are the backbone of any administrative system. The personnel who actively engage in the process of administration are to be recruited and trained. It is also important to maintain favourable working conditions for them. For example, recruitment through UPSC and State PSC.
(d) Co-ordination
Answer- CO-Co-ordination: Administration is a complex and interrelated process and hence different parts of organisation such as branches, divisions, sections need to be co-ordinated. This helps in elimination of overlapping work and prevents conflict.
(e) Reporting.
Answer – R-Reporting: Information related to the on-going or completed task and its reporting to higher authorities is a key aspect of administration. This ensures accountability and responsibility within administration.
Here is your solution of Maharashtra Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Public Administration.
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