Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 13 – India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 13: India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
History |
Chapter |
13 |
Chapter name |
India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia |
Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.
(1) Buddhaghosh was an Indian ………………………in Sri Lanka.
(a) Thinker (b) Philosopher
(c) King (d) Priest
Answer – Buddhaghosh was an Indian (b) Philosopher in Sri Lanka
(2) The founder of Pagan empire was ………………………………
(a) Kyanzittha (b) Anwrahta
(c) Ayuttha (d) Jayavarman
Answer – The founder of Pagan empire was (b) Anwrahta
(3) The ancient name of Cambodia was……………………………
(a) Kambuja Desh (b) Laos
(c) Angkorwat (d) Sumatra
Answer – The ancient name of Cambodia was… (a) Kambuja Desha
(B) Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.
Set ‘A’ |
Set ‘B’ |
(1) Finest example of stupa architecture in Myanmar | Shwedagon pagoda |
(2) Saivaite temples in Champa kingdom | My Son |
(3) The world famous temple in Cambodia | Angkorwat |
(4) The centre of Angakorthom | Dieng Temples |
Answer – The incorrect pair is
(4) The centre of —————– Dieng Temples Angakorthom
The correct pair would be
(4) The centre of Angakorthom ————–The temple of ‘Bayon’ representing Mt Meru
(C) Write the names.
(1) Son of Emperor Ashoka –
Answer – Thera Mahindra (Mahendra) was the son of Emperor Ashoka
(2) Ancient kingdom in Laos –
Answer – Lao Sang was the kingdom of Laos during the 14th to 18th Century CE.
(3) Kingdom of ‘Cham’ people –
Answer – ‘Champa ‘ was an ancient kingdom in the coastal region of Vietnam. Champa was named after the Cham tribe.
(4) Last king of Malayu –
Answer – ‘Parameswaran’ alias ‘Eskandar Shah’, the last king of Malayu established the first sultanate of Malaya.
Q.2 Write short notes on –
(1) Chenla kingdom
Answer – Cambodia was known as ‘Kambujadesha’ in ancient times. Its history is known from the inscriptions installed in the precincts of its temples. These inscriptions are in Sanskrit and Khmer languages. The first kingdom, established in Cambodia was known by the name of ‘Chenla’. The people who established Chenla, were known as ‘Khmer’. The influence of Indian culture in Cambodia dates back to the Chenla period. The kingdom of Chenla was established by Jayavarman II. He was coronated in 802 C.E. His capital’s name was ‘Hariharalaya’. In the span of next 500 years the kings of Chenla expanded their empire from Vietnam to Myanmar and to China in the north. It came to be known as the Khmer empire. After King Jayavarman VII’ the Khmer empire began to decline. In the 15th century C.E. the Khmer empire was ultimately rooted out completely.
The reign of Suryavarman II in the 11th century and that of Jayavarman VII was proved beneficial for temple architecture. The world famous temple of ‘Angkorwat’ was built in Yashodharpura, the capital city built by Suryavarman II.
(2) Visnhu temple at Angkorwat
Answer – The world famous temple of ‘Angkorwat’ was built in Yashodharpura, the capital city built by Suryavarman II. The temple area is about 500 acres, that is about 2 Sq.Kilometers. The main entrance is at the west and the temple is surrounded by a moat, which is 200 metres in depth. Among the sculptural panels on the southeast walls of the temple the panel of ‘Samudramanthan’ is notable. After the death of Suryavarman II, Angkorwat was attacked by the king of Champa. He caused considerable damage to the temple. Later, it was turned into a Buddhist temple.
Jayavarman VII built a new capital, ‘Angkorthom’ near Yashodharpura, the first capital of the Khmer empire. He was a Budhhist. The planning of Angkorthom city,
its water management and architecture are the indicators of the advanced Khmer style. The temple of ‘Bayon’ was built at the centre of Angakorthom. Bayon temple represented ‘Mount Meru’. The planning of the temple and the city represents the mythological story ‘Samudramanthana’. The temple at the centre is supposed to be the churner. There are statues of gods and daityas, the rivals of gods, standing at both sides of the southern gate, churning the ocean with Mount Meru as the churner. The moats around the city are linked to two lakes called ‘East Barray’ and ‘West Barray ’. These two lakes are the source of water for the moats and also for Angkorthom as well as for Angkorwat and other temples in the vicinity. City gates of Angkorthom are known for their Shikharas, which are in the form of a smiling human face of enormous size. The faces are built by assembling stones that are cut as different parts of the face. Angkorwat, Angkorthom and its vicinity have been declared as the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.
(3) Majapahit kingdom
Answer – In the 13th century C.E., in Eastern Java, arose a kingdom known as ‘Majapahita’. This was the last kingdom, with Indian cultural traits. The name of the founder king of Majapahita was, ‘Vijaya’. King Vijaya was successful in sacking Kublai Khan from Java. He established his supremacy in some of the islands like Java, Bali and also some other islands and extended the kingdom of Java into an empire. Its existence came to an end with the rise of Islamic states in the 15th and 16th centuries.
(4) Champa kingdom
Answer – ‘Champa’ was an ancient kingdom in the coastal region of Vietnam. Several Sanskrit inscriptions in Brahmi script have been found there. Champa was named after the ‘Cham’ tribe. The names of the cities in Champa* were ‘Indrapur’,‘Amaravati’, ‘Vijay’, ‘Kauthara’ and ‘Panduranga’. The city of Vijay was the capital of Champa kingdom. The inscriptions of Champa mention the names of it kings and queens and the temples of Hindu deities built by them, especially Shiva temples.
Wooden images of Gautama Buddha have also been found. This evidence indicates the existence of more city states like Funan in Vietnam, which were trade centres from where various types of merchandise were imported and exported. During the span of 4th – 14th century C.E. Shaiva temples were built in the kingdom of Champa. These temples are built in a valley known as ‘My Son Valley’. The temple of ‘Bhadreshvara’ is supposed to be important in this group. Once there were more than 70 temples at My Son. In the walled courtyards of these temples many stone tablets with inscriptions are erected. These inscriptions are in Sanskrit and Cham languages. In the same precincts are found burials of the members of the royal families. It seems that My son was the ceremonial complex, reserved for the royal families. The site of My Son is declared as the World Cultural Heritage. The characteristic aspect of the architectural style of My Son temples is that it is imagined in the form of ‘Meru Parvata’. The war that was continued for 20 years in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia is known as ‘Vietnam War’. The vicinity of My Son temples got damaged to a great extent because of this war.
Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail.
(1) Explain the spread of Indian culture in Thailand.
Answer – The ancient Thai people referred to their country as ‘Mueng Thai’. However, it was known in the world as ‘Siam’. In the 20th century its name was changed to ‘Thailand’. Thailand was ruled from the 6th to the 11th century by ‘Mon’ people. At that time it was known as ‘Dvaravati’. Indian culture was introduced and spread in Thailand in the ‘Dvaravati’ period. The Indian traditions of sculpture, literature, ethics, judicial science, etc. had a great role in shaping up the Mon culture.
Compared to other kingdoms in Southeast Asia the kingdom of Dvaravati was smaller and weaker. However, it contributed greatly to the development of writing, arts, administration, religion and science, etc. in the other kingdoms. The remains of sculptures and architecture of the Dvaravati period have been found in the vicinity of the cities like Lop Buri (Lao Puri) and Ayuttha (Ayodhya).
The Dvaravati Sculptures show a great influence of Indian sculptural style. Primarily it includes Buddha images, but a few Shivalingas and images of Vishnu are also found. The sculptural art of Cambodia is supposed to have originated from the Dvaravati art style. In the 14th century C.E. a new kingdom of Ayuttha was established in Thailand. In the 18th century it was completely razed by the rulers of Myanmar. It was burnt by the conquerors. All of its sculptures, libraries, temples were completely burnt. The kings of Ayuttha bore names with the prefix ‘Ram’. The popularity of Ramayana may be the reason behind it. Thai Ramayana has been developed into an independent tradition. It is known as ‘Ramakien’ (Ram Akhyana). The stories of Ramakien have been preserved in all Thai art traditions including sculpture, folk music, dance and theatre.
(2) Write about the cultural interrelationship between India and Myanmar.
Answer – Myanmar is a neighbouring country of India, adjacent to its northeast border. It was earlier known as ‘Brahmdesh’.In the 2nd century B.C.E. there were city states known as ‘Pyu’ in the north and central regions of Myanmar. Some new Pyu cities came into existence at a later period. Among them the cities of ‘Halin’ and ‘Shrikshetra’ were important. Shrikshetra (near the city which was known as ‘Prome’ during the British period and presently known as ‘Pyay’) was the largest among the ‘Pyu’ cities. According to the prevailing tradition the two brothers, who were the founders of Shrikshetra hailed from the Shakya clan of Gautam Buddha. The kingdom of Pagan (Bagan) arose in Myanmar in the 1st century C.E. and by the 11th century it grew into a great empire. All the Pyu city states including Shrikshetra were merged into the empire of Pagan. King Anawrahta the founder of ‘Pagan empire’ is known as the greatest ruler in the history of Myanmar. He is credited with the unification of the north and the south Myanmar. This unification is supposed to have given Myanmar its national identity. Anawrahta put a check to the increasing power of the Khmer empire of Cambodia. During his reign the ‘Thervada Buddhism’, which had grown weaker, was revived. The remains of the fortifications and moats around the three Pyu cities of Halin, Beikthano and Shrikshetra can be seen even today. The archaeological excavations at the sites of these cities have brought into light many remains of buildings of those days, stupas, cemeteries and the structures built for water management. The three sites have been declared as the World Cultural Heritage. The ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda built between 6th – 10th century C.E. at Yongan (Rangoon) is looked at as the finest example of the stupa architecture in Myanmar. It is said that two merchant brothers had visited India and they had the fortune of meeting Gautama Buddha in person. At that time they had received 8 hair of the Buddha from himself. After returning to their motherland they handed over the hair to the king. The king erected a stupa on the hair and it came to be known as ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda. This pagoda is covered with sheets of gold. The ‘Anand Temple’ is another important monument built during the reign of Kyanzittha, the emperor of Pagan in the 11th century C.E. It is the finest example of the combined architectural style of India and Pagan.
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