Full form of SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging System.
Principle:
It is useful for exploring and mapping the ocean. Basic principle of sonar is reflection of sound.It is used to determine the distance, speed and direction of object underwater.
Working.
It consists of transmitter and detector. The Ultrasonic wave travel through water and after reflection from the obstacle ,receiver detect wave, and with the knowledge of the speed of sound and the time that passed before the wave was retrieved and receiver can calculate the object distance from emitter.
Application.
1) It is used for locating mines and underwater hills, valleys, icebergs, etc.
2) It is used in the military for detecting the presence of enemy ships.
3) Used for detection of defects in metal blocks.
4) Used in medical field for the detection of cancer.
Advantages.
1) Communication speed is high.
2) Long distance communication is possible underwater.
3) This technique is not harmful for humans and animals.
Disadvantages.
1) Generates lots of noise.
2) The acoustic wave used in SONAR is affected by sound velocity variation over depth.
3) Working range decreases with high frequency.
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