Important Precise Writing for HS 2023
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Precisee Writing
1) Precisee the following passage. Add a suitable title.
Precise Writing HS 2023
As what geographers have estimated, about twenty percent of the earth’s surface is occupied by deserts. A majority of us view deserts as one unique kind of landscape — areas with little or no rainfalls.
In actual fact, there are differences between the deserts, though in varying degrees. While it is common for laymen like us to see deserts as rocky or covered with gravel or pebbles, there are some where large sand dunes inhabit. Despite the fact that rainfall is minimal, temperatures do change in deserts, ranging from seasonal ones to daily changes where extreme hotness and coldness are experienced in the day and night.
Unfavourable conditions in the deserts, especially the lack of water, have discouraged many living things from inhabiting these landscapes. Nevertheless, there are exceptionally surviving ones which through their superb tactics, have managed to live through and are still going strong. One such kind is the specialist annual plants which overcome seasonal temperature changes with their extremely short, active life cycles. In events of sudden rain, the plant seeds pullulate and grow very quickly to make full use of the rain water. Their flowers bloom and set seeds that ripen quickly in the hot sun too. Once the water runs dry, the mother plant dies, leaving behind the drought – resistant seeds, waiting patiently for the next rainy season to arrive.
The Cacti, a native in American deserts, adapts to the dry surroundings by having unique body structures. The plant has swollen stems to help store water that carries it through months. By having sharp pines instead of leaves, water loss through respiration is minimized. Besides, these pointed pines also help the plant ward off grazing animals, thus enhancing its survival period.
Besides plants, there are also animals with distinct surviving tactics in deserts too. For instance, Skinks (desert lizards) metabolize stored fats in their bulbous tails, producing water to supplement their needs, just like what camels do with the stored food in their humps during long journeys through deserts. Antelopes like the addax, have very low water needs and hence are able to tolerate the conditions in deserts, extracting moisture from the food they eat.
Finally, there are sandgrouse’s (desert birds) that do not have special features to overcome the drought-like nature of deserts. Hence, to survive in these hot, dry deserts, they need to spend a large part of their time flying in search of water holes.
Ans: According to geographers’ estimates, deserts take up around 20% of the earth’s surface. Most of us consider deserts to be one special type of landscape—regions with little or no rainfall.
The deserts do, in fact, differ from one another, albeit to varied degrees. While it’s customary for laypeople like us to think of deserts as being stony or coated in gravel or pebbles, certain deserts are also home to sizable sand dunes. Although deserts receive little rainfall, there are seasonal and daily variations in temperature, including extreme hot and cold spells during the day and night.
The deserts’ unfavourable circumstances, particularly the scarcity of water, have deterred many living species from settling there.
Native to the deserts of America, cacti have unusual body shapes that help them adapt to their dry environment.
Along with flora, animals also have unique strategies for surviving in deserts. For instance, desert lizards called skinks metabolise fat reserves in their bulbous tails to produce water to supplement their diet, much like camels do when they travel through deserts for extended periods of time and carry food reserves in their humps. Antelopes, like the addax, have very low water requirements and may survive in dry environments by obtaining moisture from the food they consume.
Sandgrouse’s, another species of desert bird, lack the particular traits needed to survive the desert’s arid climate. As a result, they must devote a significant amount of their time to surviving in these scorching, arid deserts. Therefore, they must spend a significant portion of their time flying in search of water holes in order to survive in these hot, arid deserts.
2) Write a Precise of the following passage and add a suitable title.
To get great ideas we require great teachers. These teachers may be living persons with whom we come to contact daily; they may be dead and yet reach us through great books which they have given to the world. In whatever way it comes, the teaching required is that which guides to a large outlook. There is no royal road to learning. The higher it is, the harder is the toil of the spirit that is required for its attainment. But this toil brings with it happiness. As we advance along the path we see more and more new territory to traverse, new heights to scale. In all this there is much of the sweet in sad and the sad in sweet.
Ans: Great ideas
To get great ideas we require great teachers. These teachers may be living persons with whom we come to contact daily; they may be dead and yet reach us through great books which they have given to the world. In whatever way it comes, the teaching requires that which guides to a large outlook. There is no royal road to learning. The higher it is,the harder is the toil of the spirit that is required for its attainment. But this toil brings with it happiness. As we advance along the path we see more and more new territory to traverse,new heights to scale. In all this there is much of the sweet in sad and the sad in sweet.
Precise Writing HS 2023
3) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title Scientific prayer is the harmonious interaction of the conscious and subconscious levels of mind scientifically directed toward a specific purpose. There are many ways to tap the realm of infinite power within you, enabling you to get what you really want in life.
You desire a happier, fuller and richer life. Begin to use this miracle working power and smooth your way in daily affairs, solve business problems and bring harmony in family relationship. Certainly prayer is an ever-present help in time of trouble. But why should you wait for trouble to make prayer an integral and constructive part of your life?
Ans: Harmonious Interaction
Scientific prayer is the harmonious interaction of the conscious and subconscious levels of mind directed toward a specific purpose. There are many ways to tap the realm of infinite power within you, enabling you to get what you really want in life. Why should you wait for trouble to make prayer an integral and constructive part of your life?
4) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
During my vacation last May, I had a hard time choosing a tour. Flights to Japan, Hong Kong and Australia are just too common. What I wanted was somewhere exciting and exotic, a place where I could be spared from the holiday tour crowds. I was so happy when Joan called up, suggesting a trip to Cherokee, a country in the state of Oklahoma. I agreed and went off with the preparation immediately. We took a flight to Cherokee and visited a town called Qualla Boundary surrounded by magnificent mountain scenery, the town painted a paradise before us. With its Oconaluftee Indian village reproducing tribal crafts and lifestyles of the 18th century and the outdoor historical pageant unto These Hills playing six times weekly in the summer nights, Qualla Boundary tries to present a brief image of the Cherokee past to the tourists. Despite the language barrier, we managed to find our way to the souvenir shops with the help of the natives. The shops are filled with rubber tomahawks and colourful traditional war bonnets, made of dyed turkey feathers. Tepees, cone-shaped tents made from animal skin, are also pitched near the shops. “Welcome! Want to get anything?” we looked up and saw a middle-aged man smiling at us. We were very surprised by his fluent English. He introduced himself as George and we ended up chatting till lunch time when he invited us for lunch at a nearby coffee shop. “Sometimes, I’ve to work from morning to sunset during the tour season. Anyway, this is still better off than being a woodcutter …. ” Remembrance weighed heavy on George’s mind and he went on to tell us that he used to cut firewood for a living but could hardly make ends meet. We learnt from him that the Cherokees do not depend solely on trade for survival. During the tour off-peak period, the tribe would have to try out other means for income. One of the successful ways is the “Bingo Weekend”. On the Friday afternoons of the Bingo weekends, a large bingo hall will be opened, attracting huge crowds of people to the various kinds of games like the Super Jackpot and the Warrior Game Special. According to George, these forms of entertainment fetch them great returns. Our final stop in Qualla Boundary was at the museum where arts, ranging from the simple hand-woven oak baskets to wood and stone carvings of wolves, ravens and other symbols of Cherokee cosmology are displayed. Back at home, I really missed the place and I would of course look forward to the next trip to another exotic place.
Ans: Trade for Survival
Cherokee is a town in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. QuallaBoundary tries to present a brief image of the Cherokee past to the tourists. The shops are filled with rubber tomahawks and colourful traditional war bonnets, made of dyed turkey feathers. The tour guide introduced us to a Cherokee man who used to cut firewood for a living. He told us that the Cherokees do not depend solely on trade for survival. One of the successful ways they generate income is through bingo and other forms of entertainment.
Precise Writing HS 2023
5) Write a Precise of the following passage add a suitable tittle. The rose is a lovely flower. There are flowers as sweet as the rose but they are not so beautiful. Again there are flowers as beautiful as the rose but they do not smell as sweet. Rose grows wild in most parts of the world. But the wild roses are not as large and as beautiful as those that grow in gardens. Roses can be of different colours; some are white, some red and some yellow. During the victorian Era, the practice of flower giving took on an added dimension with the advent of the language of flowers. One of the most significant meanings that have survived till today is the use of one dozen red roses as a declaration of love.
Ans: Victorian era
The rose is a lovely flower. There are flowers as sweet as the rose but they are not so beautiful. Again there are flowers as beautiful as the rose but they do not smell as sweet. Roses grow wild in most parts of the world. But the wild roses are not as large and as beautiful as those that grow in gardens. Roses can be of different colours; some are white, some red and some yellow. During the Victorian Era, the practice of flower giving took on an added dimension with the advent of the language of flowers. One of the most significant meanings that have survived till today is the use of one dozen red roses as a declaration of love.
6) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
Buying things today is so simple. Just enter a shop, say a book store, choose the desired book and pay for it. Long ago, before the invention of money, how did people trade?
The most primitive way of exchange should be the barter trade. In this form of transaction, people used goods to exchange for the things that they had in mind. For instance, if person A wanted a book and he had a spare goat, he must look for someone who had the exact opposite, that is, that someone, say person B, must have a spare book of person A’s choice and is also in need of a goat. Having found such a person, the problem does not end here. A big goat may not be worth only one book, hence person B may have to offer person A something else, say five chickens. However, he runs the risk of person A rejecting the offer as he may not need the chickens. The above example clearly illustrates the inefficiency of barter trading.
Many years later, the cumbersome barter trade finally gave way to the monetary form of exchange when the idea of money was invented. In the early days, almost anything could qualify as money: beads, shells and even fishing hooks. Then in a region near Turkey, gold coins were used as money. In the beginning, each coin had a different denomination. It was only later, in about 700 BC, that Gyges, the king of Lydia, standardized the value of each coin and even printed his name on the coins.
Monetary means of transaction at first beat the traditional barter trade. However, as time went by, the thought of carrying a ponderous pouch of coins for shopping appeared not only troublesome but thieves attracting. Hence, the Greek and Roman traders who bought goods from people faraway cities, invented checks to solve the problem. Not only are paper checks easy to carry around, they discouraged robbery as these checks can only be used by the person whose name is printed on the notes. Following this idea, banks later issued notes in exchange for gold deposited with them. These bank notes can then be used as cash. Finally, governments of today adopted the idea and began to print paper money, backed by gold for the country’s use.
Precise Writing HS 2023
Today, besides enjoying the convenience of using paper notes as the mode of exchange, technology has led man to invent other means of transaction too like the credit and cash cards.
In 700 BC, king of Lydia standardized the value of each coin and printed his name on them. Banks later issued notes in exchange for gold deposited with them. These bank notes can then be used as cash.
Ans; Before the invention of money, how did people trade? The most primitive way of exchange should be the barter trade. In this form of transaction, people used goods to exchange for the things they had in mind. Eventually, barter trading gave way to the monetary form of exchange when the idea of money was invented. In the beginning, gold coins were used as money.
7) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
Have you ever been to a barbecue? Many of us enjoy roasting meat over the fire but no one ever wonder who first started the idea of cooking meat in a fire. Perhaps, it is just in the human psyche that we sometimes feel the need to return to the primitive times, probably to relieve us of our urbanized life. That is why many people, regardless of age, love to hold barbecue gatherings. The idea of gathering round a fire and roast some meat just sounds fun. The meat may sometimes be half-cooked or not cooked at all (sounds horrible) but the joy of primitive cooking is there.
The first step towards the preparation for a barbecue is to rent a barbecue pit which usually comes with the barest essentials. After all, we are supposed to return to the early time frame. Of course, during peak seasons like the school holidays, when the pits are fully booked, you may try digging one at the back of your garden. Next, get ready the wire netting, otherwise, you will find yourself roasting the meat on the hot charcoal. Skewers which are important for holding the meat pieces; utensils for picking up the food like forks and spoons, paper plates and cups must not be left out.
Next comes the preparation of the most important part of the barbecue – the food. In fact, any kind of meat will be suitable. If meat pieces are bought, like chicken, beef or mutton, slice them into thin pieces before piercing in the skewers. Chicken wings are the best. Simply stretch the wings apart and push in the skewers. Following which, the meat is to be soaked in a mixture of spices for marination, giving them some flavor. An easier and faster way out would be to brush ‘Maggie’ barbecue sauce over them. Remember to order a few hundred sticks of satay too. A barbecue without satay will not be a barbecue. When everything is ready, start the fire with charcoal, one hour before the start of the feast. Once the fire is started, let it all bum till glowing embers are left. Then place the sticks of meat over the wire netting and there you are, the barbecue has begun. Do not worry about overcooking the meat. After all, the real joy behind the barbecue lies in the cooking not eating of the food. Just a piece of advice to beginners: Bring along some indigestion medicine.
Ans: Many of us enjoy roasting meat over the fire but no one ever wonder who first started the idea. After all, we are supposed to return to the early time frame. The joy of primitive cooking is there – whether it’s half-cooked or not cooked at all. Next comes the preparation of the most important part of the barbecue – the food. If meat pieces are bought, like chicken, beef or mutton, slice them into thin pieces before piercing in the skewers. Just a piece of advice to beginners: Bring along some indigestion medicine.
Precise Writing HS 2023
8) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
With the invention of televisions, many forms of entertainments have been replaced. Lively programmes like television serials and world news, have removed from us the need to read books or papers, to listen to radios or even to watch movies. In fact, during the 1970s, when televisions were first introduced, cinema theatres suffered great losses as many people chose to stay in the comforts of their homes to watch their favourite programmes.
Indeed, the television brings the world into our house. Hence, by staying at home and pressing some buttons world happenings are immediately presented before us. Children nowadays develop faster in language, owing to the early exposure to television programmes. At such tender age, it would be difficult for them to read books or papers. Thus, television programmes are a good source of learning for them. Furthermore, pronunciations by the newscasters, actors or actresses are usually standardized, hence young children watching these programmes will learn the ‘right’ pronunciations too. Owning a television is also extremely beneficial to working parents who are usually too busy or tried to take their kids
out for entertainments. Surrounded by the comforts of their home, the family can have a chance to get together and watch their favourite television programmes.
Of course, we should not be too carried away by the advantages of the television and overlook its negative points. Watching television programmes takes away our need to read. Why bother to read the papers when we can hear them from the television news reports? Why read books when exciting movies are screened? The lack of reading is unhealthy especially to younger children as they will grow up only with the ability to speak but not write. I have a neighbour whose six-year-old child can say complete sentences like “I like cats,” but when told to write out the sentence, is unable to do so. Not only are the writing skills of children affected, their thinking capacities are also handicapped. Television programmes remove the need to think. The stories, ideas and facts are woven in the way television planners wanted. Exposure to such opinions and the lack of thinking opportunities will hinder the children’s analysing ability.
Despite the disadvantages of watching television programmes, personally, I think that choosing the ‘middle path’, which is to do selective television viewing and not over indulging in the habit should be the best solution to reconcile both the merits and demerits of owning a television.
Ans: With the invention of televisions, many forms of entertainments have been replaced. During the 1970s, when televisions were first introduced, cinema theatres suffered great losses. Owning a television is extremely beneficial to working parents who are usually too busy or tried to take their kids out for entertainments. Watching television programmes takes away our need to read. Why bother to read the papers when we can hear them from the television news reports?
Why read books when exciting movies are screened? The lack of reading is unhealthy especially to younger children as they will grow up only with the ability to speak but not write.
Precise Writing HS 2023
9) Write a Precisee of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
We are bombarded by many advertisements every day. Vendors try all means and ways to gain our attention and sell us their products or services. Advertisements appear everywhere; on television programmes, in the papers, magazines, pamphlets and so on.
Advertisements are actually very useful though we sometimes feel annoyed when they interrupt our favourite television programmes. They provide us with free information on the products and services. There are two types of advertisements. The informative advertisements are the ones which provide us with the details of the products or services. This information is especially useful if the product or service is new. For instance, when we need to buy a computer, advertisements describing the latest models and their different functions would be extremely helpful. However, only a minority of the advertisements are informative ones. Many of them belong to the second category – the persuasive kind. These advertisements not only tell us more about the products, at the same time, they persuade customers to buy them by claiming that their products are superior to the rivalry ones. These claims may sometimes be untrue.
Besides being informative and persuasive, advertisements also help to subsidize the prices of magazines and newspapers. Our newspapers are sold at a low price of about one dollar, owing to the advertisements in the papers; otherwise, the price would have been higher. While advertisements can be good helpers for shopping, they do have their shortcomings. More advertisements aim to sell only. Faults of the products or services are usually hidden from the consumers. Hence, sometimes, we feel deceived if the product or service we bought does not turn out the way the advertisements claim to be.
Sometimes, advertisements by rival competitors can get very intensive, especially when there are many firms producing similar products. One common example is the washing powder. There are so many advertisements for the different brands that customers sometimes get confused over what they should buy. Furthermore, having more advertisements would mean that the production cost of the firm would be increased.
These rises in cost are usually passed on to the consumers in the form of higher prices.
Hence, in conclusion, though I do advocate advertisements, I do not deny their flaws. Without them, we might have to buy things based on incomplete information or go through more complicated ways before getting to know the products or services. On the other hand, too many advertisements also complicate our buying decisions. So I would say that we cannot live without advertisements but we must be careful how we live with them.
Ans: Advertisements are very useful though we sometimes feel annoyed when they interrupt our favourite television programmes. There are two types of advertisements – informative and persuasive. Informative advertisements are the ones which provide us with details of the products or services. They also persuade customers to buy them by claiming that their products are superior to others. Adverts can be good helpers for shopping but they do have their shortcomings. Faults of the products or services are usually hidden from the consumers. Having more advertisements would mean that the production cost of the firm would be increased. These rises in cost are usually passed on to the consumers in the form of higher prices.
10) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title. (2+8=10)
Today, with just twenty-six letters, we can write a letter to our friends or answer an examination question. Thousands of years ago, there was no writing system at all. News, knowledge and information were passed on from one person to another by word of mouth. If you ever played ‘rumor clinic’ where a cognate message is passed from one person to another down the chain by mouth, you will understand the inefficiency of the system. Messages passed down are unreliable as the speakers may mix up or lose part of the information.
The first written language was invented by the early cave man. They tied bits of animal hair together to form brushes and painted pictures on the cave wall, telling their friends about their hunts. It was after several centuries that different writing systems like the Chinese characters and hieroglyphs in Egypt were invented. The alphabetical system that we are using currently also came about only after many decades of development.
Precise Writing HS 2023
Besides alphabets, the invention of writing tools is another major transition. In olden times, the kind of writing tools used, depended on the material they wrote on. For example, in the Middle East, where clay is abundant in supply, the early people used hollow reed ‘pens’ to carve onto the wet clay tablets. After which, these clay pieces were baked till rock hard to make the writings permanent. In ancient Egypt, Egyptians either wrote on scraped thin pieces of animal skins called ‘parchment’ or flattened papaya stems known as ‘papyrus’. Their writing tool was a primitive kind of fountain pen — a reed with ink inside.“ It was only in the 1880s, that fountain pens were invented. Before that, most people used either quill pens — sharpened bird feathers or nib bed pens, which were dipped into ink before writing. Fountain pens invented later have both plus and minus points. With tiny ink tanks in them, fountain pens are superior to quill or nibbed ones as the ink in them do not run out as quickly. The disadvantage is that sometimes, the nibs of the fountain pens may break, causing the ink to leak, staining the writer’s fingers.
The flaw in fountain pens has led to further investigation and the successful invention of the first ‘ballpoint’ pen by a Hungarian, Ladislao Biro. There were many people after him who tried to improve upon the appearance of his ballpoint pens. Today, ‘ballpoint’ pens are conveniently and widely used in the world.
Ans: The first written language was invented by the early cave man. It was after several centuries that different writing systems like the Chinese characters and hieroglyphs in Egypt were invented. In olden times, the kind of writing tools used, depended on the material they wrote on. It was only in the 1880s, that fountain pens were invented. With tiny ink tanks in them, fountain pens are superior to quill or nibbed ones. The disadvantage is that sometimes, the nibs of fountain pens may break, causing the ink to leak, staining the writer’s fingers.
11) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title. (2+8=10)
Conflicts between parents and their children at bedtime are common. For adults, sleep is welcome rest. For children, it’s lost time, time when they could be doing something fun like playing computer games or finishing a drawing of their cartoon hero. So the youngsters often resist it. And in families where both parents work, the nightly ritual of putting the children to bed can be even more of a tussle. Most parents don’t get home until at least seven in the evening, and there’s little slack between bath, dinner, homework and bedtime. Whatever the situation, a growing child still requires a decent amount of sleep, and for young school. children and toddlers, that’s between 10 and 12 hours a night. But what happens when children fight it every step of the way, from taking a bath to putting on pyjamas to getting into bed? When they refuse to sleep alone in bed or wake up repeatedly, or need to be rocked for an hour before nodding off?
Although many parents are consistent, the routine they adopt only results in long, wearying nights. They become caught in a trap they have inadvertently created. Their children rely on them to help get to sleep. Parents cajole, sing to them, rock them, rub their back — only to have the little ones wake the moment they tiptoe out of the room. Quality time disappears, tempers are short, and bedtime becomes a civil war. To frazzled parents who want desperately to escape that trap, Shapleigh suggests the method that worked for a number of families. “You have to let them cry. Be there to reassure them. Leave a night light on, but be consistent. They understand your behaviour more than they do your words.” Dr Richard Ferber, a paediatrician who is sometimes called the Dr Spock of children’s sleep problems, assure parents that most bedtime conflicts are not serious, and they can be avoided. Parents who choose to wait out their child’s erratic sleep patterns will probably see them disappear, but that could take months or years.
Instead of waiting, Ferber suggests that parents take action, and after following a pleasant bedtime routine, put the children to bed, leaving them there even if they cry, but checking on them at specific intervals. “There is no way to treat this problem without listening to some crying, but you can keep it to a minimum,” he says. Parents who are fighting the sleep battle with their children often complain of being tired, but forget that their children, who haven’t yet learned to complain, are also tired. “It is in your child’s best interests to have uninterrupted sleep,” Ferber says. For children as well as adults, Ferber says, “sleep serves some restorative function for our bodies and perhaps for our minds, and it is certainly necessary for normal functioning during the day.”
Ans: Most parents don’t get home until at least seven in the evening, and there’s little slack between bath, dinner, homework and bedtime. A growing child still requires a decent amount of sleep, and for young school. children and toddlers, that’s between 10 and 12 hours a night. Dr Richard Ferber says most bedtime conflicts are not serious, and can be avoided. Parents who choose to wait out their child’s erratic sleep patterns will probably see them disappear. Ferber suggests that parents take action, and after following a pleasant bedtime routine, put the children to bed.
Precise Writing HS 2023
12) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
Vitamin A is found only in yellow animal fats, in egg-yolk, milk and cheese. It is particularly plentiful in fish-liver oils; hence fish-liver oils are used for preventing and curing illness caused by lack of vitamin A. In a well-fed, healthy human being, the liver can store up sufficient vitamin A to meet the body’s requirements for six months. Although vitamin A itself is not present in plants, many plants produce a substance called carotene, formed from leaf-green which our bodies can convert into Vitamin A. Carotene is the yellowish red colouring matter in carrots. The greener a leaf is the more carotene it usually contains. Hence the importance of green, leafy vegetables in the diet as a source of carotene. Tomatoes, papayas, mangoes and bananas contain more carotene than most other fruits. Red palm oil contains so much carotene that it is used instead of cod-liver oil. Thus, it is very valuable, both as a food-fat and for deep-frying. Vitamin A and carotene are insoluble in water and they are not destroyed by heat unless oxygen is present.
Boiling in water, therefore, does not destroy much vitamin A or carotene. Vitamin A encourages healthy growth and physical fitness. Young animals soon stop growing and die if vitamin A is not present in their diet. This vitamin keeps the moist surfaces lining the digestive canal, the lungs and air passages healthy. It also helps keep the ducts of the various glands, the tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball functional. As vitamin A helps these tissues build up resistance to infection, it is often called the anti infective vitamin. Some of the most common disorders in people are caused by a shortage of vitamin A, when the moist tissues become dry and rough. This often causes serious eye disease, followed by infection of the air-passages. The skin may also become flaky and rough. Another defect caused by shortage of vitamin A is ‘night-blindness’, when the affected person had distinct vision only in bright light.
As the body cannot produce vitamin A, it has to come from external sources. Thus a well balanced diet is required and is usually sufficient to provide the necessary amount. There is therefore no need to supplement the need in the form of pills.
Ans: Vitamin A is found only in yellow animal fats, in egg-yolk, milk and cheese. It is particularly plentiful in fish-liver oils; hence fish-liver oils are used for preventing and curing illness caused by lack of vitamin A. In a wellfed, healthy human being, the liver can store up sufficient vitamin A to meet the body’s requirements for six months. Although vitamin A itself is not present in plants, many plants produce a substance called carotene, formed from leaf-green which our bodies can convert into Vitamin A.
Carotene is the yellowish red colouring matter in carrots. Hence the importance of green, leafy vegetables in the diet as a source of carotene. Red palm oil contains so much carotene that it is used instead of cod-liver oil. Thus, it is very valuable, both as a food-fat and for deep-frying. Boiling in water, therefore, does not destroy much vitamin A or carotene. Vitamin A encourages healthy growth and physical fitness. Young animals soon stop growing and die if vitamin A is not present in their diet. This vitamin keeps the moist surfaces lining the digestive canal, the lungs and air passages healthy. It also helps keep the ducts of the various glands, the tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball functional. As vitamin A helps these tissues build up resistance to infection, it is often called the anti infective vitamin.
Some of the most common disorders in people are caused by a shortage of vitamin A, when the moist tissues become dry and rough. Another defect caused by shortage of vitamin A is ‘night-blindness’, when the affected person had distinct vision only in bright light.
13) Write a Precise of the following passage add a suitable title. [2+8=10] The food/climate equation is rooted in the earth. The expansion of unsustainable agricultural practices over the past century has led to the destruction of between 30% and 75% of the organic matter on arable lands, and 50% of the organic matter on pastures and prairies. This massive loss of organic matter is responsible for between 25% and 40% of the current excess CO2
in the earth’s atmosphere but the good news is that this CO2 we have sent into the atmosphere can be put back into the soil, simply by restoring the practices that small farmers have been engaging in for generations.
Ans: Arable lands
The food and the climate equation is rooted in the earth. The expansion of unsustainable agricultural practices over the past century has led to the destruction of between 30% and 75% of the organic matter on arable lands. This massive loss of organic matter is responsible for between 25% to 40% of the current excess CO2in the earth’s atmosphere.
14) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries. It is the term under which forest loss is discussed at United Nations (UN) climate meetings. Since 2005, the issue of forest loss has distracted governments at these UN meetings from addressing the real cause of climate change – turning ancient underground deposits of oil, coal and gas into fossil fuels and burning them. Instead of coming up with a plan on how to end the release of greenhouse gas emissions that is the consequence of burning these fossil fuels, the UN climate talks have spent much time debating deforestation of tropical forests. Of course it is important to halt forest loss, also because of the CO2 emissions that are released when forests are destroyed. But reducing deforestation is no substitute for coming up with a plan on how to stop burning fossil fuel! The trouble with REDD is that it is enabling industrialised countries to burn fossil fuels a little longer.
Ans: Fossil Fuel
REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing countries. Since 2005, the issue of forest loss has distracted governments from addressing the real cause of climate change – burning fossil fuels. Of course it isimportant to halt forest loss, also because of the CO2emissions that are releasedwhen forests are destroyed. But reducing deforestation is no substitute for coming up with a plan on how to stop burning fossil fuel!
15) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
As the twenty-first century approaches, the world is undergoing enormous change, a process of great upheaval and great possibility. In just a few short years, we have witnessed the dawn of post industrial society, the advent of the information age, the rush to computerization, the birth of biotechnology and not the least of these changes, the human-relations revolution. With the end of the cold war, the business environment has grown dramatically more intense. Competition has become more global and more energized. And technology races on, no longer can businesses safely ignore their customers’ wants and needs.
No longer can managers simply issue orders and expect them to be mindlessly obeyed. No longer can personal relationships be taken for granted. No longer can companies be less than obsessed with constant quality improvement. No longer can so much human creativity go so scandalously untapped. To survive in the years to come, successful organizations – in business, in government, in the non-profit world– will have to undergo a profound cultural change. Their people will have to think quicker, work smarter, dream wilder and relate to each other in very different ways.
Ans: Cold War
With the end of the cold war, the business environment has grown dramatically more intense. Competition has become more global and more energised. To survive in the years to come, successful organisations will have to undergo a profound cultural change. Their people will have to think quicker,work smarter, dream wilder and relate to each other in very different ways.
16) Write a Precise of the following passage add a suitable tittle.
Communicating well is not terribly complicated not in theory, anyway. Communicating, after all, is something everyone of us does everyday in our personal lives. We have all been communicating since the early days of our childhood. At least we think we have. But true communication, effective communication is in fact relatively rare in the adult world. There is no secret recipe for learning to communicate well, but there are some basic concepts that can be mastered with relative ease. The first steps to successful communication are – making communication a top priority, being open to other people, creating a receptive environment for communication. No matter how busy you are during the work day, you absolutely must take the time to communicate. All the brilliant ideas in the world are worthless if you don’t share them communication can be accomplished in many ways – in meetings, in face to face sessions, just walking down the hall or in the lunchroom. Whats important is that communicating never stop.
Ans: effective communication
Communicating well is not terribly complicated not in theory, anyway. The first steps to successful communication are –. Making communication a top priority, being open to other people, creating a receptive. environment for communication. Communication can be accomplished in many ways – in meetings, face to face sessions, just walking down the hall or in the lunchroom.
17) Write a Precise of the following and add a suitable tittle.
There is a danger of the world getting liberty drunk in these days and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that
liberties of all may be preserved, the liberty of everybody may be truncated. When the policeman, at esplanade, steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of despotism but of liberty. You may not think so. you may, being in a hurry and seeing year car pulled up by the impertinence of the policeman, think that your liberty has been outraged.
But, if you are a reasonable person, you will realise that if he did not incidentally interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that esplanade would be a maelstrom and you could never cross at all. You have submitted to the curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy social order which makes your liberty possible.
Ans:
Private liberty
The policeman is the symbol not of despotism but of liberty. You may, being in a hurry and seeing a yearcar pulled up by the impertinence of the policeman, think that your liberty has been outraged. But if he did not incidentally interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the esplanade would be a maelstrom and you could never cross at all.
18) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, much to our surprise. Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-verbal. Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are usually rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they dwell and reproduce.
Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous whales groan and grunt while smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly received by other mates as far as several hundred kilometres away.
Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals’ communication tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive ones normally “surrender” to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles.
Colours, which are most conspicuously found on animals, are also important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the gaudiest coloured feathers often, hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, displaying proudly their feathers, attracting the opposite sex.
The alternating black and white striped coats of zebras have their roles to play too. Each zebra is born with a unique set of stripes which enables its mates to recognize them. When grazing safely, their stripes are all lined up neatly so that none of them loses track of their friends. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target.
Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or stings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and colour their bodies brightly in attempts to fool their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps too.
Ans: Communication is the mainstream of life
Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-verbal. Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive ones normally “surrender” to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles.
Colors, which are most conspicuously found on animals, are also important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the gaudiest colored feathers often, hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, playing proudly with their feathers, attracting the opposite sex.
The alternating black and white striped coats of zebras have their roles to play too. Each zebra is born with a unique set of stripes that enables its mates to recognize them. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target.
Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or stings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and color their bodies brightly in attempts to fool their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps too.
19) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
All snakes are hunters and predators, feeding on the animals and sometimes their eggs. Having no limbs, snakes cannot hold their preys down to bite; hence they usually swallow them whole. Poisonous snakes sometimes do immobilize their preys with their venom to make consumption easier.
Most poisonous snakes are conspicuously coloured to warn others off. One example is the redheaded krait which has a bluish-black body and scarlet head and tail. Snakes like the cobras, which have less outstanding body colours, display their fatality by lifting the front part of their body and spreading their hoods.
It is truly a myth that poisonous snakes attack humans for food. Humans can never be their targets for food as we are normally too large for them to swallow. In cases where snakes do bite, these attacks are usually defensive ones and the venom injected is normally little or sometimes even none. The full, fatal dose of the venom is only released on smaller animals which the snakes can swallow easily. Besides helping in the killing and immobilizing of their preys, the poison also acts as digestive agents for snakes.
Why then is the venom so deadly? In general, there are three kinds of poisons in the venom, though in varying amounts, depending on the type of snake in question. Venoms usually contain substances that weaken the blood corpuscles and the lining of the blood vessels. Profuse bleeding, often a common result of snake-bites, is caused by the anticoagulants present in the poison which prevents blood clotting. The paralysis of the heart and respiratory muscles is performed by the nervous system attacking toxins.
Though these bites are deadly, certain actions can be taken to slow down the spread of the venom, hence saving the victim’s life. Attempting to incise and suck at the spot of the bite is more likely to be harmful than a cure. The poisonous venom usually travels fast into the body upon being released; hence sucking at the mouth of the wound will not help remove the poison, rather, incising the bite may lead the victim to great pain and further profuse bleeding. Instead, a broad, firm crepe bandage should be applied over the wound and up the full limb to compress the tissues and prevent the spread of the venom. After which, the victim must be duly sent to the hospital for professional treatment.
Ans: Snake Bite is a Myth
It is a myth that poisonous snakes attack humans for food. Humans can never be their targets for food as we are too large to swallow. Most poisonous snakes are conspicuously coloured to warn others off. Profuse bleeding, often a common result of snake-bites, is caused by the anticoagulants present in the poison which prevents blood clotting.
20) Write a Precise of the following passage. Add a suitable title.
There are so many lessons one can learn about life from a dog. Imagine this scenario: it is raining heavily outside and you need to leave for someone’s house. The dog is up and eager, to go with you. You tell it to stay home. As you leave, you see it squeezing out through the gap in the doorway. You scold it and order it back home. Then at every turn you make, you suddenly see it following you sheepishly at a distance. It follows at the risk of being reprimanded for the sore reason of being somewhere nearby. How else can we experience so selfless an instance of love and faithfulness? We can learn a lifelong lesson from this sincere warm display of perpetual companionship. Observe the eating habits of your dog. It does not eat, except when hungry. It does not drink, unless it is thirsty. It does not gorge itself. It stops eating when it has had enough.
A dog also sets a perfect example of adaptability. If it is moved to a strange place, it is able to adapt itself to that place and to its thousand peculiarities without a murmur of complaint. It is able to learn and adapt to a new family’s ways and customs. It is quick and ready to please. Man, being accustomed to comfort and wealth will be lost if suddenly stripped of all he is accustomed to. A dog also teaches us a thing or two about, unselfish love. When a dog knows death is approaching, it tries, with its last vestige of strength, to crawl away elsewhere to die, in order to burden its owners no more.
A dog does things with all vigor. However, when there is nothing to do, it lies down and rests. It does not waste its strength and energy needlessly. Many working people are burning the candles at both ends. Many suffer nervous breakdowns due to stress. Perhaps, they should learn to rest like a dog does. A dog above all is truly man’s best friend.
Ans: There are so many lessons one can learn about life from a dog.
The dog is up and eager, to go with you. You tell it to stay home. We can learn a lifelong lesson from this sincere warm display of perpetual companionship. Observe the eating habits of your dog. A dog also sets a perfect example of adaptability. It is able to learn and adapt to a new family’s ways and customs. It is quick and ready to please. A dog also teaches us a thing or two about, unselfish love. A dog does things with all vigor. However, when there is nothing to do, it lies down and rests. It does not waste its strength and energy needlessly. Many suffer nervous breakdowns due to stress. Perhaps, they should learn to rest like a dog does.
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