Verb Advance

Verb has always been an important part of the English language from easy to advance level. Every student require to understand all rules of verb before stepping ahead of learning any other chapter. In general, students will find only tense related description of verbs and its usage for different tenses. But in advance level, students will learn other rules of verb except tense. All rules are equally important to understand the critical topics at advance level. This is an effective learning part for all students from elementary to higher secondary level and after that in higher studies too. Students often find it difficult to find out the most reliable study material for enhancing their knowledge about advance verb. So, we have given here complete rules wise analysis with numerous analysis for making the learning pattern easy and interesting to students.

Verb (Advance):

When we can say an action has been occurred or some work has been done then it is called verb.

Ex. work, paint, sing, draw, dig, open, hit, play, go, come, listen, lend etc.

Kinds of verb:

There are total 4 kinds of verbs.

1.) Finite verb

2.) Non-finite verb

3.) Transitive verb

4.) Intransitive verb

1.) Finite Verb:

When an action is completed by a definite subject and verb in a sentence then it is called finite verb.

Ex. I am writing a letter.

They are going to school.

He is drawing a picture.

She was playing music.

2.) Non-finite Verb:

Non-finite verb is divided in there types which are- a) gerund, b)participle, c) infinitive

a) Gerund:

When verb+ ing does the function of a noun then it is called gerund or verbal noun.

Ex. i) walking is good for health.

ii) writing is a good hobby.

i) Gerund can be used as noun or subject.

Ex. swimming is good for health. (subject)

ii) It can be applied as object.

Ex. I like swimming. (object)

iii) It can be used as an object of verb.

Ex. I am fond of swimming. (object of a verb)

If after verb/adjective/phrase to is used in a sentence then v1 will not be placed after to. In place of to+v1, v1 + ing will be used in such kind of sentence.

After words like used to, prone to, accustomed to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, owing to, taken to etc. v1+ ing will be used.

Ex. he is addicted to drinking.

I am looking forward to moving in the new place.

b) Participle:

When verb+ ing does the function of an adjective then it is called participle or participle adjective.

Ex. I saw a man teaching kids in street.

Difference between gerund and participle:

Both participle and gerund are used in verb+ ing form in a sentence. So, it is important to know the difference between them for identifying easily.

i) Participle refers to an action in progress which means the action is in the continuous form in the sentence. But gerund does not mean an action in progress.

ii) Noun or pronoun will definitely come before or after participle in any case from subjective or objective case. But generally before gerund noun, pronoun and adjective cannot come. If any noun, pronoun and adjective is used before gerund then it will be in possessive case.

iii) If there is a participle in a sentence then the sentence can be transformed into complex sentence or it can be expanded. But sentence with gerund form cannot be made into complex sentence.

Ex. I saw a horse running in the field.

I saw a horse that was running in the field. (Complex)

I saw a baby crying.

I saw a baby which was crying. (Complex)

I saw a child’s crying. (Gerund)

iv) If there is auxiliary verb before verb+ ing then it does the function of continuous tense. But if there is no ing with verb then it works as non-finite verb.

 

There are three kinds of participle which are: i) present participle, ii) past participle, iii) perfect participle

 

i) Present Participle:

a) When the subject of two sentences is same but verb is different then we have to use present participle for making simple sentence.

b) Between the actions of two verbs, participle is made for the verb whose action occurs first.

Ex. i) he saw me, he ran away.

Seeing me he ran away.

ii) It was a rainy day, we enjoyed a picnic.

It being a rainy day we enjoyed a picnic.

 

ii) Past Participle:

To show an action of being completed v3 form of verbs are used in sentence to form past participle.

Ex. i) the man wounded in the accident was taken to hospital.

ii) Deceived by his friend, he was left in trouble.

 

iii) Perfect Participle:

a) When both the subjects and verbs of two sentences are different. Both the actions are past actions and completed actions. After being completed one action the other action has been started. In such cases, perfect participle will be used.

b) Between the actions of two verbs perfect participle will be formed for that verb whose action occurred first.

Structure: having+ v3- active voice

Having+ been+ v3- passive voice

Ex. i) the sun rose. The fog disappeared. (active)

The sun being risen, the fog disappeared.

ii) the enemy was defeated in the battle. They ran away in fear. (passive)

having been defeated in the battle, they ran away in fear.

 

c) Infinitive:

To+ v1 is the formation of infinitive which can be used both in noun form and in verb form in a sentence.

i) Gerundical Infinitive:

Be verb (am, is, are, was, were, get), used to, accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to, owing to, taken to, prone to are followed by to+ gerund.

Ex. we went there with a view to studying.

He is used to getting up early in the morning.

ii) Perfect Infinitive:

Perfect infinitive should be used if the action is expressed by the infinitive precedes the action of the finite verb.

Deny, confess, admit, recollect, remember, appear, seem, required, believe, suppose are the verbs for which perfect infinitive is used.

Ex. she denied to have seen him yesterday.

I still remember to have met you in New York.

iii) After words like agree, happy, dare, need, desire, hope, expect, want, refuse, wish, glad, hard, easy, fail direct infinitive can be used.

Ex. he refused to go.

She agreed to come with me.

3.) Transitive Verb:

When there is always an object present for addressing verb, then the verb is called transitive verb.

Ex. i) Saheb plays guitar.

ii) Jessica carries her bag.

4.) Intransitive Verb:

When there is no need of using object after verb for addressing the verb or completing the meaning of the sentence then the verb is called intransitive verb.

Ex. they slept.

Birds fly.

Causative verb:

Causative verbs are those verbs which are used in direct or indirect forms for showing the actions of verb. Such causative verbs are have, get and make. These verbs can be used in various ways.

i) Have, get and make are used as causative verbs when the actions of the verb is done on the object.

Ex. he does the sum.

She plays the piano.

ii) When subjects experience the actions of the verb itself then causative verbs are also used.

Ex. the environment gets polluted for our unconscious behaviour.

She gets affected easily.

iii) When there is two subjects from which one subject makes the other to fulfil the action of the verb then causative verb is also used.

Ex. mother makes her child see the moon.

Teacher made the students do the sum.

They got the thief arrested by police.

I make him agreed to go the party.

iv) Get/have can be used after s1 which is in the form by+ s1. But in passive voice s1 can be mentioned or not. It is mandatory to mention s1 after using make.

v) After get/have v3 used in sentence. But in case of make, v1 will be used after it.

vi) In sentence the usage of make/have/get is done according to the tense.

Other Rules of using Verbs:

i) In optative sentence singular subject takes plural verb.

Ex. long live the king.

ii) ‘all’ can be used in both countable noun and uncountable noun sense. When used as uncountable noun it takes singular verb and in countable noun it takes plural verb.

All- everything- singular verb

All- everyone- plural verb

Ex. all is well that ends well.

All were present in the meeting.

iii) Both of, few of, few of, many of such words are followed plural forms of noun, pronoun and verb.

iv) after words like some, some of, all, all of, most, most of, lots, lots of, lot of, plenty of, two thirds of, one third of, the rest of, part of, ten percent of, half of etc. both countable noun and uncountable noun can be used. For countable noun, both noun and verb will be plural. For uncountable noun, both noun and verb will be singular.

Ex. most of the work has been done by the labourers.

Most of the boys are intelligent.

v) For pair of nouns like bread and butter, rice and curry, slow and steady, aim and object, soup and salad, hammer and sickle, truth and honesty, coming and going, two and two, crown and glory, screaming and shouting age and experience, etc. verb will be singular in a sentence.

vi) If one/two+ plural countable noun is used as the subject of a sentence, it functions as a plural subject and takes plural verb.

Ex. one or two criminals were sent to police station.

vii) If little, a little, the little, much are used as the subject of a sentence then it functions as singular subject and takes singular verb.

Ex. little is known about this matter.

Much has happened in that event.

viii) If two nouns/ subjects are joined with s well s, with, together with, along with, no less than, nothing but, addition to, like, unlike, including, but, besides, except, rather than, accompanied by, guided by, controlled by, led by, governed by then the verb will be used according to the first subject.

ix) If the/ possessive adjective+ name of subject is used as the subject of a sentence it functions s plural subject and takes plural verb.

Ex. his mathematics are poor.

The physics of sumitare good.

x) If a clause starting with what is used as the subject of a sentence it takes singular verb.

If the subordinate clause functions as the subject of a complex sentence the principal clause takes singular verb.

Ex. what makes me happy is his behaviour.

What I want to buy is a laptop

xi) Singular noun+ then+ singular verb is used.

Plural noun+ than+ plural verb is used.

Ex. they put more food than is required.

They appointed more teachers than are required.

xii) In sports while referring to the players the name of the country is followed by plural verb.

Ex. England have won the world cup.

Australia have lost the match.

xiii) If percentage is used as the subject the verb is singular.

Ex. the percentage of successful candidates is very high.

xiv) No+ singular noun+ verb singular.

No+ plural noun+ verb plural.

Ex. no girl was absent.

No boys were absent.

xv) When two or more subjects are joined by not only..but also, neither nor, either or, none but then the verb will be according to the second subject.

Ex. not only the students but also the teacher was laughing.

Either my brother or I am to do this work.

xvi) Neither, either, each, every, everyone, someone, somebody, no one, anybody, anyone, everybody are followed by third person singular verb.

Ex. neither of the boys has done this.

Everybody and every girl has been invited.

xvii) When each is used after plural subject then the verb will be plural.

Ex. each of the boys is intelligent.

They each are honest.

xviii) after words like let, bid, make, feel, help, see, watch, her bare infinitive will be used in active voice. But in passive voice normal infinitive to+ v will be used.

Ex. I made the student write a paragraph.

I heard him speak on multiple topics.

He was seen by me to play football.

xix) After the phrases like had better, had rather, would rather, would better, had sooner..than bare infinitive will be used.

Ex. he had better read than write.

I would better leave your house at the moment.

xx) If there is an infinite after noun and the infinitive qualifies noun means it functions as adjective, the verb within the infinitive follows any appropriate preposition then it will follow with infinitive form too.

Ex. the poor has no house to live in.

I gave him a pen to write with.

xxi) Many a+ singular noun is used with singular verb.

A many/ a great many/ many/ a large many+ plural noun will be used with plural verb.

Ex. a great many men have come.

Many a tree is tall.

xxii) A number of+ plural noun is used with plural verb.

Ex. a number of books are missing.

xxiii) In subjunctive mood wish, if, as if, as though will be used.

Ex. I wish I were rich now. (present)

I wish I had bought a car. (past)

With if in subjunctive mood plural form of simple past will be used in if clause and main clause will be would/could/might+ v1.

Ex. if I were you, I would take the full responsibility.

If I were rich, I would help the poor.

If subjunctive mood will be with as if and as though plural form of simple past tense will be used in main clause. Subordinate clause will be in past perfect tense.

Ex. he loved me as though I had been his sister.

He behaves as if he were a leader.

xxiv) After it is time/ it is high time simple past tense will be used in a sentence.

Ex. it is high time that you visited the place.

xxv) If gerund is used after noun, pronoun and adjective then it will be in possessive case.

Ex. he hates his brother’s behaviour every day.

I don’t mind your going on the tour.

xxvi) After the verb know direct infinitive cannot be used, in place of that know+ wh word+ infinitive will be used.

Ex. I know how to write an essay.

She knows how to behave with kids.

Test on Verb:

Find Errors in the Following Sentences:

1.) Have the letter a)/ send b)/ by someone who is trustworthy c)/ no error d).

2.) As I have worked hard a)/ I am confident to qualify b)/ the interview c)/ no error d).

You should avoid a)/ to go to school b)/ as you have severe infectious disease c)/ no error d).

4.) Everyone considered him as a)/ an honest man b)/ but he lied to his parents c)/ no error d).

5.) Perhaps you do not know a)/ I am having a branded car b)/ besides a big house in metro city c)/ no error d).

6.) The audience a)/ watched the singers b)/ performed their songs c)/ no error d).

7.) Walking along the a)/ bank of the river b)/ the street began to rise c)/ no error d).

8.) I have always a)/ and will always b)/ be loyal to you c)/ no error.

His employees have and a)/ are still doing b)/ great work for his organisation c)/ no error.

10.) I declined the invitation a)/ not because I was angry b)/ but because I have to time c)/ no error d).

11.) It is known fact a)/ that time does not return back b)/ once it is lost c)/ no error d).

12.) The lady made a)/ the little girl to wash b)/ all the clothes c)/ no error d).

13.) Even after many years of independence a)/ lakhs of people b)/ do not have bed to sleep c)/ no error d).

14.) He caught the thief a)/ steal b)/ the new item from the shop c)/ no error d).

15.) I am afraid a)/ I did a mistake b)/ in solving the sum c)/ no error d).

Solutions:

b) it is used as causative verb for which v3 of send will be used.

2.) b) confident of qualifying will be used in place of confident to qualify. Confident is followed by of after which v1+ ing will come.

3.) b) in place of to go going will be used as avoid is followed by gerund (v1+ing).

a) considered will not be used with as.

b) if have means something possession in the sentence then I am having will not be used. Simple I have will be used in that case.

c) After verb watch either gerund or normal infinitive will be used in a sentence.

7.) a) while I was will be come before walking.

8.) a) v3 will be used along with have and v1 will be used with will in the sentence.

9.) a) after have v3 will come to complete the meaning.

10.) c) had will be used in place of have for being past tense.

11.) b) return and back will not be used at the same time as it is superfluous. Either return or back can be used.

12.) b) to will not be used as after made normal infinitive to+ v1 will be used.

13.) c) after sleep in will be used. After noun if infinitive comes then the verb will be used with its appropriate preposition.

14.) b) steal will be used as stealing. After catch v1+ ing will be used.

15.) b) mistake is not used with do but it is used with make.