Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Term 3 History Solutions Chapter 3 Pdf
Tamilnadu Board Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Term 3 History Solutions Chapter 3: Tamilnadu State Board Solution Class 7 Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 3 – Jainism, Buddhism and ajivika philosophy in Tamil Nadu.
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 3: Overview
Board |
Samacheer Kalvi |
Class |
7 |
Subject |
Social Science History |
Term |
3 |
Chapter Name |
Jainism, Buddhism and ajivika philosophy in Tamil Nadu |
Unit 3: Jainism, Buddhism and ajivika philosophy in Tamil Nadu
Multiple choice questions: (marks:1)
1.) According to Bigha nitaya how many different philosophical and religious schools flourished in India:
A.) 62
B.) 64
C.) 66
Ans: 62.
2.) Total population of jains in Tamil Nadu are:
A.) 83,356
B.) 83,359
C.) 83,349
Ans: 83,359.
3.) Agama sutra was written in:
A.) Pali language
B.) Sanskrit language
C.) Ardha magadhi prakrit language
Ans: ardha magadhi prakrit language.
4.) The Buddhist literature was written in:
A.) Pali language
B.) Sanskrit language
C.) Ardha magadhi prakrit language
Ans: Pali language.
Answer the following questions:(marks:1)
1.) Who was the founder of Jainism?
Ans: parshvanath was the founder of Jainism.
2.) Who were tirthankaras?
Ans: Tirthankaras are those who have attained nirvana and made a passage from this world to the next.
3.) Who was the first tirthankara of Jainism?
Ans: parshvanatha was the first tirthankara of Jainism.
4.) Who was the last / 24th tirthankara of Jainism?
Ans: Mahavira was the last or 24th tirthankara of Jainism.
5.) …………Agama sutra is said to be lost.
Ans: The 12th.
6.) What is the educational centre of jains?
Ans: palli was the educational centre of jains.
7.) Who was the head of the Ajivika sect?
Ans: Gosala mankhaliputta was the head of the ajivika sect.
8.) What were the famous Buddhist educational centres?
Ans: Taxila, Nalanda and vikramshila were the famous educational centres of Buddhism.
9.) Where did Buddha’s ‘padmasana’ pose statue found?
Ans: In remote tirunattiyattankudi village in Tiruvarur district.
Answer the following questions: (marks:2/ 3)
1.) What are the five great vows of Jainism?
Ans: Five Great Vows of Jainism:
A.) Non-violence – Ahimsa;
B.) Truth– Satya;
C.) Non-stealing – Acharya;
D.) Celibacy/Chastity – Brahmacharya; and
E.) Non-possession – Aparigraha.
2.) What are digambaras and svetambaras?
Ans: In the 1st century B.C. a major split occurred in Jainism giving rise to two major sects, namely Digambaras and Swetambaras. Both the Digambaras and the Swetambaras generally acknowledge the Agama Sutras to be their early literature, while they do differ with regard to their content and interpretation.
3.) What is jainacharita?
Ans: The Jainacharitha of Kalpa Sutra is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha, founder of Jainism as well as the first Tirthankara, and Mahavira, the last and the 24th Tirthankara.
4.) What are eight fold paths?
Ans: when Gautama Buddha succeeded in understanding the great mystery of human suffering, its causes and its cure. Asserting that both the king and the hermit were wrong, he discovered the middle path. The middle path is based on ‘an eight-fold path’ of : Right understanding , Right thought, Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness, Right concentration.
5.) What were the four noble truths of Buddha?
Ans: Buddha taught not the glory of God but the power of love. He held the view that all men are born to an ‘equality of rights’. He undertook long journeys and carried his message far and wide. Buddha preached his teachings in Prakrit. His four noble truths are as follows:
- Life includes pain, getting old, disease, and ultimately death.
- Suffering is caused by craving and aversion.
- Suffering can be overcome and happiness attained.
- True happiness and contentment are possible, if one pursues the eightfold path.
6.) Write about the ajivika philosophy?
Ans: The Ajivikas believed in the doctrine of karma, transmigration of the soul and determinism. The head of the Ajivika sect was Gosala Mankhaliputta. The Ajivikas practiced asceticism of a severe type. The Ajivika religious order and school of philosophy is known from the Vedic hymns, the Brahmanas, the Aryankas and other ancient Sanskrit compilations and treatises of the pre-Jaina and pre-Buddhist age. Gosala’s ideas live on in other religions, though no Ajivika literature has survived.
7.) What is A vihara?
Ans: A Vihara in Sanskrit means ‘dwelling’ or ‘house’. Originally, viharas were dwelling places used by wandering monks during the rainy season. Later they transformed into centres of learning through the donations of wealthy lay Buddhists. Royal patronage allowed pre-Muslim India to become a land of many viharas that imparted university education and were treasure troves of sacred texts. Many viharas, such as Nalanda, were world famous.
8.) What is known as the threefold basket?
Ans: Buddha’s teachings for a long time were transmitted through the memory of teachers and disciples. They were reduced to writing by 80 B.C. and were written in the Pali language. The Pali canon Tripitaka has three divisions, also known as the Threefold Basket. They include Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
Answer the following questions: (marks:5)
1.) Write about Jain literature?
Ans: Jain literature is generally classified into two major categories.
A.) Agama Sutras:
Agama Sutras consists of many sacred books of the Jain religion. They have been written in the Ardha-magadhi Prakrit language. Containing the direct preaching of Mahavira, consisting of 12 texts, they were originally compiled by immediate disciples of Mahavira. The 12th Agama Sutra is said to have been lost.
B.) Non-Agama Literature:
Non-Agama literature includes commentary and explanation of Agama Sutras, and independent works, compiled by ascetics and scholars. They are written in many languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, old Marathi, Rajasthani, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, German and English. Recognition was given to 84 books, and among them, there are 41 sutras, 12 commentaries and one Maha Bhasya or great commentary. The 41 sutras include 11 Angas , 12 Upangas, five Chedas , five Mulas and eight miscellaneous works, such as Kalpasutra of Bhadrabahu. It is believed that the Panchatantra has a great amount of Jain influence.The Jainacharitha of Kalpa Sūtra is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain
Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha, founder of Jainism as well as the first Tirthankara, and Mahavira, the last and the 24th Tirthankara. In addition to these, we have some Jain texts composed in Indian vernacular languages such as Hindi, Tamil and Kannada. Jivaka Chintamani, a Tamil epic poem, is a good example, composed in the tradition of Sangam literature by a Jain saint named Thiruthakka Thevar. It narrates the life of a pious king who rose to prominence by his own merit only to become an ascetic in the end. Another scholarly work in Tamil, Naladiyar, is also attributed to a Jain monk. Thirukkural was composed by Tiruvalluvar, believed to be a Jain scholar.
2.) Discuss about the influence of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
Or,
Discuss about the examples of Jain sculptures in Tamil Nadu.
Ans: There is a clear evidence of the movements of the Jains from Karnataka to the Kongu region, to the Kaveri Delta southwards into the Pudukkottai region and finally into the Pandya kingdom . Tamils broadly come under Digambara sect. It is believed that the Kalabhras were the patrons of Jainism.
The Sittanavasal Cave Temple:
Sittanavasal cave in Pudukkottai district is located on a prominent rock that stands 70 m above the ground. It has a natural cavern, known as Eladipattam, at one end, and a rock-cut cave temple at the other. Behind the fenced cavern, there are 17 rock beds marked on the floor. The stone berths aligned in rows are believed to have served as a Jain shelter. The largest of these ascetic beds contains a Tamil-Brahmi inscription that dates to the 2nd century B.C. There are more inscriptions in Tamil from the 8th century A.D., bearing the names of monks. It is believed that they should have spent their lives in isolation here.The Sittanavasal cave temple, named Arivar Koil, lies on the west of the hillock. The facade of the temple is simple, with four rock-cut columns. Constructed in the early Pandya period, in the 7th century A.D. , it has a hall in the front called the Ardha-mandapam and a smaller cell at the rear, which is the garbha griha.
Jains in Kanchipuram (Tiruparuttikunram) :
Jainism flourished during the Pallava reign. In the writing of Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang he has mentioned about the presence of a large number of Buddhists and Jains during his visit to the Pallava country in the 7th century A.D. Most of the Pallava rulers were Jains. Mahendravarman was a Jain initially. The two Jain temples in Kanchipuram are Trilokyanatha Jina Swamy Temple at Thiruparankundram, on the banks of the river Palar, and the Chandra Prabha temple dedicated to the Tirtankara named Chandraprabha. The architecture of these temples is in Pallava style.In the Kanchipuram district, apart from Tiruparuttikunram, Jain vestiges have been found over the years in many villages across the state.
Kazhugumalai Jain Rock-Cut Temple:
The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple in Kovilpatti taluk in Thoothukudi district marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
Jain Temples in other parts of Tamil Nadu
- Vellore: Fourteen Jain monk beds, dating back to the 5th century A.D., have been excavated inside three caverns on top of a hill in Vellore district. The beds are found at the Bhairava Malai in Latheri, Katpadi taluk, Vellore district. Of the three caverns, two of them house beds. One houses four rock beds while the other houses one bed. Unlike many rock beds found elsewhere, these ones have no head-rests.
- Tirumalai : Tirumalai is a Jain temple in a cave complex located near Arni town in Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu. The complex, dated to the 12th century A.D., includes three Jain caves, two Jain temples and a 16-metre-high sculpture of Neminatha, the 22nd Tirthankara. This image of Neminatha is considered to be the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.
- Madurai: There are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai. The Kizha Kuyil Kudi is a striking example. This hillock is 12 kilometres west of Madurai, on the Madurai–Theni Highway. The sculptures are assigned to the period of Parantaka Veera Narayana Pandyan who ruled from A.D. 860 to 900. There are eight sculptures. The images of Rishab Nath or Adinath, Mahavira, Parshvanath and Bahubali are found here.
3.) Write about Buddhist literature.
Ans: Buddha’s teachings for a long time were transmitted through the memory of teachers and disciples. They were reduced to writing by 80 B.C. and were written in the Pali language. The Pali canon Tripitaka has three divisions, also known as the Threefold Basket. They include Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
- Vinaya Pitaka contains the rules of the order of Buddhist monks, which must be observed for achieving purity of conduct.
- Sutta Pitaka lays down the principles of religion by citing discourses as evidence.
- Abhidhamma Pitaka is the latest of the Tripitaka. It deals with ethics, philosophy and meta-physics. Other prominent canonical literary works in Buddhism include:
- Jatakas – various stories of the lives of the Buddha found in Buddhist literature.
- Buddhavamsa – A legend in verse, containing a narration of the life and activities of the 24 Buddhas who are believed to have preceded Gautama. Apart from the above canonical literature, there is a long series of noncanonical literature in Pali.
They include:
- Milindapanha – which means ‘questions of Milinda’. It contains a dialogue between Milinda, the Graeco-Bactrian king, and the monk Nagasena over some problems that faced Buddhism. It was originally written in Sanskrit.
- The two famous Ceylonese chronicles are Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa. The former deals with the royal dynasties of the Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka, while the latter deals with the arrival of the Buddha’s teachings and preachers in Sri Lanka.
- Buddhagosha’s Visuddhimagga is a later work. He is the first Buddhist commentator.
- Sanskrit literature became prominent in Buddhism with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism. However, some of the Sanskritic works were produced by the Hinayana school as well. Buddhacharita, written by Asvaghosa, is an epic style Sanskrit work. It tells the life history of Gautama Buddha.
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