Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science Term 3 History Solutions Chapter 1 Pdf
Tamilnadu Board Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science Term 3 History Solutions Chapter 1: Tamilnadu State Board Solution Class 6 Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 1 – Society and Culture in Ancient Tamizhagam : The Sangam Age.
Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1: Overview
Board |
Samacheer Kalvi |
Class |
6 |
Subject |
Social Science History |
Term |
3 |
Chapter Name |
Society and Culture in Ancient Tamizhagam : The Sangam Age. |
Multiple choice questions: (marks:1)
1.) Pandya country was well known for:
A.) Pearl hunting
B.) Animal hunting
C.) Bird hunting
Ans: pearl hunting.
2.) The Army of the Sangam period known as:
A.) Irai
B.) Avai
C.) Padai
Ans: padai.
3.) The court of justice in Sangam period known as:
A.) Irai
B.) Avai
C.) Padai
Ans: avai.
4.) The land tax of Sangam period was known as:
A.) Irai
B.) Avai
C.) Padai
Ans: irai
5.) Following the Sangam period,who had occupied Tamil:
A.) Maurya
B.) Pallava
C.) Kalabhras
Ans: Kalabhras.
Answer the following questions: (marks: 1)
1.) What is known as ‘Tholkappiyam’?
Ans: Tholkappiyam is a work on Tamil grammar. It represents the quality of Tamil language and the culture of Tamil people of the Sangam Age.
2.) Who said that – Tamil is as old as Latin.
Ans: George L. Hart, professor of Tamil language at the University of California said that Tamil is as old as Latin.
3.) What is Pathitrupathu?
Ans: The Pathitrupathu means a collection of ten decades of verses which provides information about the Chera kings.
4.) Who was the most famous king empire?
Ans: Karikal Valavan or Karikalan was the most famous king of the Chola empire.
5.) What was the main feature of the coins of the Pandya period?
Ans: Pandya kings issued many coins. The main features of their coins have elephants on one side and fish on another side.
6.) What were the important towns of the Sangam age?
Ans: The important towns of the Sangam age were Puhar, Uraiyur, Korkai, Madurai, Muziri, Vanji or Karur and Kanchi.
7.) Write down the names of women poets of Sangam age?
Ans: Avvaiyar, Velli Veethiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Aathi Manthiyar, Pon Mudiyar were the women poets of the Sangam age.
8.) Who was the master of seven notes of music?
Ans: Karikalan was the master of seven notes of music.
9.) What were the major ports of the Sangam age?
Ans: The major ports of the Sangam age were Musiri,Tondi and Korkai.
10.) What were the main exported and imported materials of the Sangam age?
Ans: Main Exported materials were: Salt,pepper, pearls, ivory, silk, spices, diamonds, saffron, precious stones, muslin, sandalwood. Main Imported materials were: Topaz, tin, glass, horses.
Answer the following questions: (marks: 2/ 3)
1.) What is called Sangam literature?
Ans: The word ‘Sangam’ refers to the association of poets who flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. The poems composed by these poets are collectively known as Sangam literature. The period in which these poems were composed is called the Sangam Age.
2.) Which period was called Sangam age?
Ans: The word ‘Sangam’ refers to the association of poets who flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. The poems composed by these poets are collectively known as Sangam literature. The period in which these poems were composed is called the Sangam Age.
3.) What is the meaning of the word ‘ Muvendars’?
Ans: The Tamil word ‘Vendar’ was used to refer to three dynasties, namely the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. Muvendars means three great kings who controlled the territories of Tamizhagam during the Sangam Age.
4.) Write down the names of the prominent Chera rulers?
Ans: Prominent Chera rulers were:
- Udayan Cheralathan
- Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan
- Cheran Senguttuvan
- Cheral Irumporai.
5.) What do you know about Kallanai?
Ans: The word Kallanai means a dam made of stone. It was built by Chola ruler Karikalan It was a dyke, built with stones. It was constructed across the Kaveri to divert water throughout the delta region for irrigation. When it was built, Kallanai irrigated an area of about 69,000 acres.
6.) Write down the names of prominent Chola rulers?
Ans: Prominent Chola Rulers were:
- Ilanchetsenni
- KarikalValavan
- Kocengannan
- KilliValavan
- Perunarkilli
7.) Who were the most prominent Pandya rulers?
Ans: The most important Pandya rulers were:
- Nediyon
- Nanmaran
- Mudukudumi Peruvazhuthi
- Nedunchezhiyan
8.) Write down about the Royal Insignia?
Ans: Insignia is a mark or sign of a particular group. Sceptre (kŌl), drum (murasu) and white umbrella (venkudai) were used as the symbols of royal authority. The insignia or Muvendars were:
Muvendar |
Garland | Port | Capital |
Symbols |
Cheras | Palmyra flower | Muziri/Tondi | Vanchi / Karur | Bow and arrow |
Cholas | Fig (Athi) lower | Puhar | Uraiyur/ Puhar | Tiger |
Pandyas | Margosa (neem) flower | Korkai | Madurai | Two Fish |
9.) Who were velirs?
Ans: The Velirs or Vellalars constituted the ruling and land-owning class in the ancient Tamizhagam. The famous Velirs were the seven patrons (Kadai ezhu Vallalgal). They were Pari, Kari, Ori, Pegan, Ay, Adiyaman and Nalli. They were popular for their generous patronage of Tamil poets.
10.) What is Mandalam?
Ans: The entire kingdom of Sangam age was called Mandalam. Mandalam was divided into Nadus. Kurram was a subdivision of Nadu. The Ur was a village, which is classified into perur means big village, Sirur means a small village and Mudur means an old village depending upon its population, size and antiquity. Pattinam Was the name for a coastal town and Puharwas the general term for harbour town.
11.) What is Veerakkal / Natukkal?
Ans: The ancient Tamils had a great respect for the heroes who died in the battlefield. The hero stones were erected to commemorate heroes who sacrificed their lives in war. These hero stones were called Veerakkal / Natukkal.
12.) What is Muziris?
Ans: Muziris was the first emporium. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder writes of Muziris in his Natural History as the ‘first emporium (shopping complex) of India’. A temple of Augustus was built at Muziris, which had a Roman colony. A papyrus document of 2nd century BC (BCE) records the agreement between two merchants’ shippers of Alexandria and Muziris.
Answer the following questions: (marks: 5)
1.) Which period is called the Sangam age? Write down the sources from which we can gather information about Sangam age? (2+3)
Ans: The word ‘Sangam’ refers to the association of poets who flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. The poems composed by these poets are collectively known as Sangam literature. The period in which these poems were composed is called the Sangam Age.
Sources:
- Inscriptions: Hathigumpha Inscription of King Kharavela of Kalinga, Pugalur Inscription, Ashokan Edicts II and XIII, and inscriptions found at Mangulam, Alagarmalai and Keelavalavu.
- Copper Plates: Velvikudi and Chinnamanur copper plates.
- Coins: Coins issued by the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas and the chieftains of Sangam Age as well as the Roman coins.
- Megalithic Monuments: Burials and Hero stones.
- Excavated Materials : Excavated materials from Adichanallur, Arikamedu, Kodumanal, Puhar, Korkai, Alagankulam, Uraiyur.
- Literary Sources: Tholkappiyam, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu, Pathinen Keezh kanakku, Pattinappalai and Madurai Kanji. Epics Silapathikaram and Manimegalai.
- Foreign Notices: The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, Pliny’s Natural History, Ptolemy’s Geography, Megasthenes’s Indica, Rajavali, Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa.
2.) Briefly discuss about the administration system and lifestyle of Sangam age people.
Ans: The word ‘Sangam’ refers to the association of poets who flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. The poems composed by these poets are collectively known as Sangam literature. The period in which these poems were composed is called the Sangam Age. Through the sources like inscriptions,coins, copper plates, literary Sources, foreign notes etc. We can gain information about the people of the Sangam age.
✓ Kingship: The kingship was hereditary. The king was called kŌ. It is the shortened form of Kon. Vendan, Kon, Mannan, Kotravan and Iraivan were the other titles by which the king was addressed. The eldest son of the reigning king generally succeeded to the throne. The coronation ceremony was known as arasukattilerudhal or mudisoottuvila. The crown prince was known as komahan, while the young ones were known as Ilango, Ilanchezhiyan and Ilanjeral. The income to the state was through taxation. Land tax was the main source of revenue and it was called ‘Irai’.This apart, the state collected tolls and customs, tributes and fines.
✓ The Court: The king’s court was called Arasavai. The king occupied a ceremonious throne in the court called Ariyanai. In the court, the king was surrounded by officials, distinguished visitors and court poets. The rulers had five-fold duties. They were encouraging learning, performing rituals, presenting gifts, protecting people and punishing the criminals. Ambassadors were employed by the kings. They played a significant role. The king was assisted by a number of officials. They were divided into Aimperunguzhu (five-member committee) and Enberaayam (eight-member group).
✓ Army: The king’s army consisted of four divisions namely, infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariot force. The army was known as ‘Padai’. The chief of the army was known as Thanai Thalaivan. The prominent weapons used during this period were sword, kedayam (shield), tomaram (lance), spears, bows and arrows.
✓ Law and Justice: The king was the final authority for appeal. In the capital town, the court of justice was called Avai. In the villages, Mandram served as the place for dispensing justice. Punishment was always severe. Execution was ordered for theft cases. The punishments were beheading, mutilation of the offending limbs of the body, torture and imprisonment and imposition of fines.
✓ Local Administration: The entire kingdom was called Mandalam. Mandalam was divided into Nadus. Kurram was a subdivision of Nadu. The Ur was a village, classified into perur (big village), Sirur (a small village) and Mudur (an old village) depending upon its population, size and antiquity. Pattinamwas the name for a coastal town and Puhar was the general term for harbour town.
✓ Status of Women: There was no restriction for women in social life. There were learned and wise women. Forty women poets had lived and left behind their valuable works. Marriage was a matter of self-choice. However, chastity was considered the highest virtue of women. Sons and daughters had equal shares in their parents’ property.
✓ Religious Beliefs and Social Divisions:
The primary deities of the Tamils during Sangam period were Sivan, Mayon (Vishnu), Indiran, Varunan and Kotravai. The Hero stone (natukkal) worship was in practice. Caste did not develop in Tamizhagam as it did in northern India. Varuna systecame to the Dravidian south comparatively late.
✓ Dress and Ornaments: The rich people wore muslin, silk and fine cotton garments. The common people wore two pieces of clothes made of cotton. The Sangam literature refers to clothes. Women adorned their hair plaits with flowers. Both men and women wore a variety of ornaments. They were made of gold, silver, pearls, precious stones, conch shells and beads. The People were fond of using aromatic perfumes.
✓ Arts: There are many references to variety of musical instruments such as drum, flute and yazh. Karikalan was master of seven notes of music. Singing bards were called panar and viraliyar. Dancing was performed by kanigaiyar. Koothu was the most important cultural practice of the people of the Sangam Age.
✓ Occupation: The major occupations of the people were: agriculture, cattle rearing, fishing and hunting. Other craftsmen like carpenters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and potters were also part of the population. Weaving was the most common part-time occupation of the farmers and a regular full time job for many others.
✓ Festivals and Entertainments: People celebrated several festivals. The harvest festival (Pongal) and the festival of spring, kaarthigai were some of them. Indira vizha was celebrated in the capital. There were many amusements and games. This included dances, festivals, bull fights, cock fights, dice, hunting, wrestling and playing on swings. Children played with toy cart and with the sand houses made by them.
✓ Trade: Trade existed at three levels: local, overland and overseas. There were two kinds of markets or bazaars in the leading cities like Puhar and Madurai. In Madurai they were Nannangadi (the morning market) and Allangadi (the evening market). In these markets large varieties as well as large quantities of goods were sold and purchased. Archaeological excavations have confirmed the trading relations between the Tamizhagam and the countries such as Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, South East Asia and Sri Lanka.
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