Pollution Class 10 ICSE Notes
ICSE Class 10 Biology Chapter 10 Pollution Notes, Summary, Definition, Diagram. Pollution Notes.
- INTRODUCTION
Waste – any unwanted or undesired material or substance resulting from industrial, commercial, agricultural activites.
i.) Biodegradable waste- broken down by microbes into harmless and non-toxic substances. Ex- agricultural waste
ii) Non-biodegradable waste- cannot be broken down, includes plastics, cans, e-waste and large amount of these waste cause pollution.
- Pollution – addition of any substance to air, water or land which damage the environment.
Types of pollution –
a) Air
b) Water
c) Soil
d) Radiation
e) Noise
a) Air pollution-
Types – 1.) Gaseous = harmful gases released
2.) Particulate = dust, smoke, particle
Source – 1. Natural = ash from volcano, dust from stroms
2.) Man-made
i.) Vehicular (automobile)-
- They exhaust 3 main gaseous pollutant= SO2, CO2 and CO
- Wearing of rubber tyres of automobiles releasing rubber parrticles and road dust particles on speeding vehicle.
- Measures of to control- good quality automobiles fuels, lead-free petrol, by using CNG.
ii.) Industrial –
- Industrial gases pollutant = CO2, SO2, CO and oxides of N2
- Smoke released by factory chimneys into air contain particulate pollutants.
- SMOG (smoke + fog) – smoke mixed with dust particles and small fog. May cause asthma and allergies.
iii) Burning Garbage-
- On burning, CO2 released with harmful gases.
- The smoke released adds particulate to air pollution.
iv.) Brick kilns-
- Fire-heated enclosure for making construction bricks.
- The waste products are large quantities of ash and broken bricks bits.
- Smoke and heat released are pollutants.
b) Water pollution- degradation of water quality
Source –
i.) Household detergents
ii.) Sewage –
- Liquid waste from domestic activites
- Kitchen waste, toilet, waste water
- Removes dirty part and release clean fluid
iii.) Industrial waste –
- Chemical pollutants
- These liquid waste materials produced by factories called effluent.
iv.) Oil spills
- Accidental discharge of petroleum in oceans
v.) Thermal pollution
- Thermal powerplant use water for cooling their machinery.
- Released hot waste water kill the fish or harm animal and plants growing in nearby river or streams.
c) Soil pollution –
Source-
i.) Industrial waste
- Chemical residue, flyash, metallic ash
ii.) Urban commercial and domestical waste
- Solid waste- kitchen waste, glass bottles, plastic bags, electric bulbs.
- These waste are dumped by making a pit on ground known as sanitary landfills.
iii.) Chemical fertilizers
- Used for faster and increased crop yield.
- But when these fertilizers washed off and mixed with river the harmful chemical kills the fish.
iv.) Biomedical waste
- Needles, syringes, dirty dressings such as non-biodegradable waste causes soil pollution as it harms soil organisms.
v.) Pesticide
- DDT (dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane) kills pests and alter the structure of soil and harm human from the pesticide added food from soil.
d) Radiation-
- Form of energy consisting of high energy particles.
- Ex- x-ray (Can cause genetic variation), nuclear power plant (accidental explosion )
e) Noise pollution-
Noise – unpleasant / loud undesirabed sound
Effects of noise pollution –
- Interferes communication
- Disturbs sleep
- Can damage Eardrum, deafness [prolonged noise]
→ Steps / measure to minimise noise-
- Restriction of loud speakers, horns
- Plant trees
Effect of various types of pollution
a) Acid rain –
– emission from industries CO2, SO2 and oxides of N2 dissolved in rain
– Damage vegetation, ancient building paint/material and harms fish and other aquatic animals.
b) Green house effect and global warming –
– Small glass houses which prevent the escape of heat producing warming air even in winters.
– Gases pesent CO2 and CH4
– Rise in CO2 leads greater retention of solar radiation in atmosphere.
c) Ozone layer depletion
– CFCs released from refrigerator released into the atmosphere breaks the O3(ozone) into O2 (oxyden) which deplete the ozone layer enabling them to not prevent the UV-B rays to earth which causes genetic disorders, skin cancers etc.
Control of pollution
→ Setting up sewage treatment plant
→ Recycling plastic
→ Planting trees
→ Use of CNG and to cut off Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides from automobiles
→ Establishing Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Glossary
- Pollutant – agent which causes pollution
- International ozone day – 16th September
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