SCERT Maharashtra Question Bank Pdf Solution Question 4. Solve the following questions. There in Pdf total 41 Solve the following questions. We have given full Solve in this page.
Question 4. Solve the following questions
1.) Explain any five types of evidences that support the theory of evolution.
Answer:Some of the evidences that support evolution are as follows:
- Morphological evidences- Various similarities like structure of mouth, position of eyes, structure of nostrils and ear pinnae and thickly distributed hairs on body are seen in animals which indicate that there are some similarities in those groups and hence it proves that their origin must be same and might have common ancestors.
- Anatomical evidences- There are similarities in structure of bones and joints in organs which indicate that these animals may have common ancestor.
- Vestigial organs- Degenerate and underdeveloped organs of organisms are the vestigial organs. Existing organs undergo gradual changes, some structures take thousand years to disappear. These organs also indicate evolution.
- Connecting links- Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which they can be related to two different groups hence are called connecting links.
- Embryological evidences- Comparative study of embryonic developmental stages of various vertebrates given in the picture shows that all embryos show extreme similarities during initial stages and those similarities decrease gradually.
- Explain in short- Transcription and mutation.
Answer: mRNA produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one of the two strands of DNA is used in this process. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being produced is always complementary to DNA strand used for synthesis. Besides there is uracil in RNA instead of thymine of DNA. This process of RNA synthesis is called as transcription.
Sometimes during the process of replication or translation, any nucleotide of the gene changes its position that causes a minor change which is nothing but mutation. Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable. Mutation may cause the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia.
- Write the answers to the questions by observing the figure below.
Answer:
- a) The animal shown in figure A is known as Duckbill Platypus.
b)The animal shown in figure B is known as Lungfish.
c)The animal shown in figure C is known as Peripatus.
s)In these figures the evolutionary evidence illustrated is known as “connecting links”.
E)Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which they can be related to two different groups, hence they are called connecting links. For example the peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda because they possess characters like segmented body, thin cuticle and parapodia like organs, they also show tracheal respiration and open circulatory system.
- Draw neat and labelled diagrams.
Answer:
5.) Write the answers to the following questions by observing the figure below.
6.) What does the figure above show?
Answer: The figure shows the variation in the production of hormones and changes in the ovary during menstruation as well as the changes in the uterus during menstruation.
7.) Which organs are involved in this process?
Answer: The organs involved in this process are: Ovary, endometrium, uterus, oocyte and endometrial glands.
8.) Which hormones are involved in this process?
Answer: Hormones involved in this process are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone.
9.) After how many days do these changes happen again?
Answer:These changes repeat at the interval of every 28-30 days.
10.) Explain your opinion about the statement that a woman’s body is impure while the above process is going on.
Answer: Menstrual cycle is a natural process and women experience severe pain during this period. Although some older generations believe that women’s body is impure during the menstruation. This is an absolutely wrong belief, as menstruation is just a process in which the body prepares for reproduction and takes measures for developing the baby inside the womb. It is a process that is the basic necessity of all the humanity to be alive, therefore it is a very important and perfectly pure process.
11.) Explain the sexual reproductive process in plants with a diagram.
Answer: Flower is structural unit of sexual reproduction in plants. It consists of four floral whorls as calyx, corolla, androecium and gynaecium. In the pollination process pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma. Pollen germinates when they fall upon the sticky stigma and in this process a long pollen tube and two male gametes are formed. Pollen tube reaches the embryo sac via style. Then two male gametes are released in the embryo sac. Inside the embryo sac the male and female gamete fuses with each other, which is called the fertilisation.
12.) Observe the figure below. Write functions of labelled parts.
Answer: Pedicel is the stalk in the flowers that gives support to the flower. Calyx is the sepal which are green in colour and helps in the support of flowers. Corolla is the petal which are the colourful part of the flower which helps in the attraction of the flies or bees. Stigma, style and ovary are the parts of the gynoecium, which is the female reproductive part of the flower. It has the ovules. The anther and filament are the parts of androecium which is the male reproductive part of the flower. They produce the pollen grain.
13.) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions based on it.
Reproduction is an important process for the survival of an organism. Asexual
reproduction occurs in different ways in plants. E.g. Vegetative propagation,
fragmentation, budding, spore formation etc. Gametes are formed for sexual
reproduction. In the animal kingdom, various methods like budding, binary fission, and
parthenogenesis is used. There is no difference between males and females in the
animals in which these methods are observed. The method of regeneration also creates
new organisms. But regeneration is not the real method of reproduction. Regeneration
is the process of healing wounds, creating new organs. This ability has completely
disappeared in the developed animals. Modern research is being done on the method of
sexual reproduction, e.g. Cloning. So, in the future women will be able to create their
own offspring without a father.
Answer:
a) Living organisms maintain their own species continuity with the help of reproduction. And the reproduction can be by either asexual means or sexual means. In this way they transmit their genes to the next generations.
b) Some methods of asexual reproduction in animals are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, multiple fission, etc.
c) It is said that regeneration is not a real method of reproduction as in case of regeneration only the broken off body parts get regenerated and a birth of a completely different individual is not seen. Regeneration is the method of healing wounds and creating new organs.
d) Different methods of reproduction in plants include vegetative propagation, fragmentation, budding, spore formation, etc.
f) Modern
breeding methods are being researched in developed animals mainly in sexual reproduction e.g. Cloning. Therefore, in future women will be able to create their own offspring without father.
14.) ‘Surrogacy, In Vitro Fertilization, Sperm Bank/ Semen Bank etc, modern technology will be useful to humans. Support this statement.
Answer: Surrogacy is a technique in which the fertilization of male and female gamete of real father and mother is done in a test tube and the embryo thus formed is implanted in the uterus of some other women having normal uterus. In In Vitro fertilization is brought about in the test tube and then implanted into the mother’s uterus. Sperm and semen bank help in facilitating sperm and semen to the people who have very less sperm count. These facts itself states that these modern technologies are very useful to humankind.
15.) Write the answers to the questions by observing the figure.
Answer:
a) The above figure shows the reproductive system of male humans.
b) In the above picture A is the seminal vesicle, B is the prostrate gland, and C is the urino-genital duct, D is the testis.
c) Testis are present in the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity. Testes contains numerous seminiferous tubules. Germinal epithelium present in the tubules divide by meiosis to produce sperms.
d) Semen is formed of sperms and secretions of glands like seminal vesicles, cowper’s glands. Semen is ejaculated out through penis.
16.) What process does the next figure show?
Answer:
a) The figure shows the fertilization of a sperm and ovum in a test tube for the purpose of In Vitro Fertilization.
b) In In Vitro fertilization, the fertilization is brought about in the test tube and the embryo formed is implanted in the uterus of woman at appropriate time.
c) IVF technique is used for having the child in case of those childless couples who have problems like less sperm count, obstacles in oviduct, etc.
17.) Explain my role in the environment based on the following points (write two actions each)
(a)control (b) Conservation (c) Production (d) Preservation € Awareness
Answer:
i) Natural resources should be used in an optimum way so that these resources may not get exhausted and can be used by our future generations. Also making the citizens aware of the importance of our environment and awareness about conserving the resources in the environment is important.
ii) To conserve the environmental resource can try to avoid throwing garbage and also avoid using plastic things to reduce the carbon foot print. We can also try to use CNG or electric vehicles to protect our surrounding from pollution.
iii) The endangered species of animals and plants are the organisms whose number have either declined or their habitat is shrunk to such an extent that they can be extinct in near future if conservative measures are not implemented. To protect such species, we can take measures such as avoiding deforestation so that their habitat stays intact.
18.) Briefly explain the environmental role of microorganisms in pollution control.
Answer: In the sewage treatment, microbes are very helpful in the treatment process. Microbes present in soil and other top layers decompose the waste. Some special types of bacteria like Pseudomonas sp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals which are seen floating in the ocean due to oil spill. Some species of bacteria like Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Actinoplanes have the ability of decomposing rubber from garbage.
19.) What products do you get from microorganisms through the fermentation process? Explain with an example.
Answer: Some products that we get from microorganisms through the process of fermentation are yogurt, butter, cheese, bread and bread products, other bakery products, ethanol, alcohol. Many beverages that is consumed by people are very important as they are also produced by the fermentation of some types of fruits and plant parts. Wine, cider, sauerkraut, probiotics are also some of the products formed through the process of fermentation.
20.) Explain biofuel production with the help of diagram.
Answer: The photosynthesis process which uses the solar energy to produce carbohydrates and oxygen hence producing biomass. Biomass is processed and transported for threshing which produces a cellulose containing residue. This residue is later converted into glucose which is eventually converted to fuel by the process of fermentation. CO2 is produced during burning of biofuel, which the plants absorb for the photosynthesis process.
21.) Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions aksed.
Answer:
a) The fungus shown in the above figure is known as Aspergilus niger.
b) Sugar molases, salt, glucose and corn steep liquor are the sources of these fungus.
c) Citric acid and gluconic acid is obtained from this organism which is essential in the production of drinks, toffees, chocolate and production of minerals and as supplements for calcium.
22.) Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.
Answer:
a) Modern landfill site
b) These are used to dispose degradable waste being accumulate in the urban areas.
c) Methane gas is produced in this process.
d) Microbes present in the soil and other top layers decompose the waste and the methane gas is produced in this reaction.
e) The sewage is carried tothe processing unit and acted upon by the microbial process and this is called the sewage treatment.
23.) Complete the paragraph by selecting the appropriate option in parantheses.
Answer:
(Energy, microbial, erosion-proof, reused, purification, environmentally Friendly)
Nowadays, instead of chemical catalysts, microbialenzymes are used in the chemical industry. These enzymes are active at low temperature, pH and pressure; due to which energy is saved and erosion-proof instruments are also not necessary. Enzymes carry out specific processes; hence unnecessary by-products are not formed due to which expenses on purification are minimised. In case of microbial enzymatic reactions, elimination and decomposition of waste material is avoided and enzymes can be reused Hence, such enzymes areenvironmentally friendly.
24.) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions asked.
Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines. You
know that erosion of metals present in statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it.
Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophilum spp.
and Acidobacillus ferrooxidans. Hence, these bacteria can control the soil pollution
occurring due to acid rain.
Water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during
electroplating and in effluent released in the environment from the atomic energy plant.
Geobacter convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those
salts from mixing with groundwater sources.
Answer:
a)Sulphuric acid present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines causes the metal erosion in statues, bridges and buildings.
b)Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophilum spp. And Acidobacillus ferrooxidans.
c)These bacteria control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain.
d)Water soluble salts present in the process of electrolysis and in the nuclear power plant are the salts of uranium.
e)The bacteria named, geobacter, convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those salts from mixing with groundwater sources.
25.) Write the answers to the questions by observing the figure.
Answer:
a)Biofuel production process is shown in the figure.
b)The examples of solid fuels produced in this process are coal and dung. The liquid fuel are vegetable oils, alcohol. The gaseous fuel produced are gobar gas and coal gas.
c)During fuel generation, microbial anaerobic decomposition of urban agricultural and industrial waste is done to obtain methane. Hydrogen gas is released during bio-photolysis of water in which bacteria perform the photoreduction.
26.) Write down the names of five medicinal plants and their uses.
Answer: Some medicinal plants and their uses are as follows.
- Azadirachta indica – neem is used increase the immunity and helps to treat fungal infections.
- Adhatoda vassica – Adulsa is used to treat bronchitis, tuberculosis and also cough and common cold.
- Aloe vera – it helps to heal burns and also improves digestive health.
- Turmeric – it is used as an herbal medicine for rheumatoid arthritis and also helps heal infections like chicken pox and small pox.
- Ginger – it can treat many forms of nausea and also helps in weight loss.
27.) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions based on them.
Vaccination gives either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific
pathogen or disease. Traditionally, vaccines were prepared with the help of pathogens.
Completely or partially killed pathogens were used as vaccines. However, due to this,
there were chances of contracting the disease in case of some persons. Hence, as an
alternative, scientists tried to artificially produce vaccines with the help of
biotechnology. For this purpose, scientists produced the antigen in the laboratory with
the help of genes isolated from the pathogen and used it as a vaccine. Thus, safer
vaccines are being produced. Work on production of edible vaccines is in progress and
presently, potatoes are being produced with the help of biotechnology. These potatoes
are called transgenic potatoes. These potatoes will act against. Consumption of these
raw potatoes generate immunity against pathogens. For the production of such edible
vaccines, antigens are produced by isolating the desired gene from human pathogens
and injecting it into plants.
Answer:
a) This was because in these types of vaccines, completely or partially killed pathogens were used, in which people had the chances of getting infected.
b) Vaccines produced with the help of biotechnology are safer than the conventional vaccines because in these the antigen is produced in the laboratory with the help of genes isolated from the pathogen.
c) When a vaccination is administered, the antigen is injected into the body but in such a manner that it cannot replicate or reproduce in the body. The body detects a pathogen and starts to make antibodies against this pathogen.
d) The disadvantage of transgenic potatoes are that they are very expensive than the normal vaccinations.
e) Vaccinations aremore beneficial than antibiotics because in case of antibiotics only the antigens are killed, while in case of vaccinations the antigens are killed along with the production of antibodies as well the memory of the present antigen.
28.) Write the correct statement from the statements given in the box below the figure.
Answer
29.) Explain the statement “The revolutionary phenomenon in biotechnology after cloning is stem cell research.”
Answer: Stem cells which are the special types of cells present in the body which give rise to all other types of cells present in the body. At the earliest stage of development, the zygote is in the form of a mass of cells, all the cells in this mass are almost alike. They act as the stem cell. The cloning is an important process as it involves the copying the genetic material of a complete organism to produce a new organism. But in case of stem cell research the stem cells are used and a new organism or organ is produced. Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord and these are also used in the treatment of several cancer or other diseases, which is just a great revolution after cloning.
30.) How can we solve many environmental problems using modern biotechnology?
Answer: Several modern biotechnology methods are very useful in solving the environmental problems. Some such technologies are biofertilisers, bio-remediation, biopesticides, etc. These technologies are very effective as they can be used to remove toxic or harmful chemicals or pollutants from the environment with the help of microorganisms.
31.) How is biotechnology useful for human health? Explain with example.
Answer:Vaccines and antibiotics are produced against specific pathogens and viruses. Biotechnology is also very useful in the treatment of various diseases like diabetes. Biotechnology also assists in the early detection and identification of several diseases. It has also helped in the development of stem cell treatment, distinctive methods in organ transplantation etc are some of the very vivid uses of biotechnology.
33.) Complete the concept paper based on ‘use of biotechnology in human health’.
Answer:
34.) Write the answers to the following questions regarding cloning.
Answer:
a) Cloning is the process of production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism.
b) A clone produced by the fusion of a nucleus of somatic cell with the enucleated ovum of anybody is called the reproductive cloning. Therefore, there is no need of sperm to produce the new organism in reproductive cloning.
c) Stem cells can be derived from the cell formed in laboratory by the union of somatic cell nucleus with the enucleated egg cell. Various diseases can be treated with the help of these stem cells in the therapeutic cloning.
d) A sheep ‘Dolly” was born in Scotland by cloning technique on 5th July 1996. It was produced by introducing nucleus from the udder cell of sheep of “Finn Dorset” variety into enucleated ovum of Scottish sheep.
e) Advantages of cloning technique are that a new organism can be produced without the help of a sperm. Other than that millions of copies of same gene can be produced. These can be used for gene therapy and other purposes. Controlling the inheritance of hereditary diseases, continuation of generations, enhancing the specific tendency may become possible due to cloning technique.
35.) What does the next picture show? What will be the effect?
Answer:In this picture the person is indulging in selfie and is not aware about the world around and even the risks. This is called selfiecide. If a person is so indulged in taking pictures of themselves and even cannot realise what is happening around, it might lead to several types of risks like accidents by collision of vehicles and the person. Selfie taking in the middle of the road can cause life threatening risks leading to even death of a person.
36.) What does the next picture mean?
Answer: The above picture tends to mean that we should control all types of addictions. There are several peer-group influenced addictions in adolescents like usage of tobacco, cigarette, gutka, alcoholic drinks, drugs,etc. These types of addictions can be peer-pressure induced or a symbol of high standard living or as an imitation of elders. These addictions can be very deadly and even lead to high risks of depression. These addictions might permanently damage the human nervous system, muscle system, heart,etc. Some of these can even be carcinogenic.
37.) Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.
Answer:
a) The picture below shows the depiction of mental stress seen in a child.
b) Two reasons for mental stress seen in children can be increasing competitionfor education, employment and business due to increase in population. Another reason include loneliness and due to reasons like nuclear family and parents staying outdoors due to job.
c) Solutions to solve this problem are increasing awareness on avoiding the discrimination between the girls and boys. Making buddies or friends between the children so that they don’t fell alone.
38.) write the answers to the questions based on the paragraph.
Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationships with other
persons. Ability to change one’s own behaviour according to changing social conditions
is an important characteristic of social health. A socially healthy person can also cope
with a variety of social situations. Can behave appropriately and adaptable to changing
circumstances. Your spouse can match such people with your co-workers and form
good relationships. All of these relationships require good communication. It is
important to have empathy and a sense of responsibility for each other. On the other
hand, there are negative shades like jealousy, revenge, and loneliness. If there is tension
in the relationship, healthy relationships will not be formed. Stress management,
planning appropriate measures e.g. Regular exercise,deep breathing, and a positive
attitude can improve social health.
Answer:
a) Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationships with other persons.
b) The ability to change one’s own behaviour according to changing social conditions is an important quality needed to build a good social relationship.
c) There are some vices in the behaviour like jealousy, revenge and loneliness have several negative consequences.
d) Stress management measures that can be taken include regular exercise, deep breathing and a positive attitude can improve social health.
e)Two examples of negative shades are revenge and loneliness.
39.) What factors determine social health?
Answer: Factors that determine social health include being able to cope with a variety of social situations, being able to behave appropriately to the changing circumstances. Good communication skills are also the factors which are very important factors that determine social health. Empathy and sense of responsibility are also important in determining social health.
40.) What are the changes in a person due to constant contact with the internet, mobile, phone?
Answer: The people who are constantly in contact with the internet, mobile phones have severe negative effects such as lack of social interaction, decreased attention span, loss of physical fitness, eyesight and backpain problems. Continuously indulging in the internet and mobiles and phones does not allow that person to live in the current situation, they are just interested in the virtual world and not the real life. This does not allow the person to lead a healthy life.
41.) Write the answers to the questions by observing the picture.
Answer:
a) The above picture depicts people laughing in a laughing club.
b) The benefits of laughing include relieving mental stress, being able to forget the stress and worries around us and just being happy for some time.
c) When we feel stressed we tend to relieve that stress by watching a comedy movie or going out on a trip or playing a sport , cooking, shopping, for some people it might be watching a sport, etc.