Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights Solution

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solution Chapter 2 – Liberty and Rights

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solution Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights

Liberty and Rights Solution

Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solution Chapter 2: Liberty and Rights. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Liberty and Rights full Exercise Solution.

Std

Maharashtra Class 11
Subject

Political Science

Chapter

2

Chapter name

Liberty and Rights

 

Chapter 2. Liberty and Rights

 

1.) (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

1.) The book, ‘On Liberty’ was written by ……………

(Robert Nozick, Thomas Hobbes, J.S.Mill, Isiah Berlin)

Answer – The book, ‘On Liberty’ was written by J.S.Mill

 

2.) The concept of Swaraj was spelt out by……………..

(Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Phule, Dr.Ambedkar, Dr.Rajendra Prasad)

Answer – The concept of Swaraj was spelt out by Mahatma Gandhi

 

(B) Complete the following sentence by using appropriate reason.

According to Jeremy Bentham, the State should not bring any obstructions in liberty because-

(a) State does not give liberty.

(b) individual knows how to protect his own interests.

(c) liberty is a hurdle-less situation.

Answer – According to Jeremy Bentham, the State should not bring any obstructions in liberty because-

(b) individual knows how to protect his own interests.

Jeremy Bentham strongly advocated negative liberty. Freedom of thought is the base of negative liberty. He argued that an individual knows how to protect his own interest; therefore the State should not bring any obstructions. In his book ‘Manual of Political Economy’, he advocated free economy.

(C) State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

1.) Fundamental right introduced in Constitution of India by 86th Amendment –

Answer – Right to Education was introduced as a Fundamental Right by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002. This was implemented from 2010.

 

2.) Rights based on the conscience of the individual and the community –

Answer – Moral rights: These rights are based on the conscience of the individual and the community. For example, respect for a teacher or an elderly person is a moral right of that person.

 

Q.2.) Complete the following concept map.

Complete the following concept map

Liberty and Rights Solution

3.) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Legal rights are not universal.

Answer – True. Legal rights are granted by the State to the people. They are usually enumerated or codified in law. These rights are not universal, different countries with different governments would specify what rights the people of that country have been granted. Legal rights are enforced by law.

 

4.) Explain co-relation between the following.

1.) Concept of Liberty by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

Answer –  Thomas Hobbes – Thomas Hobbes considered liberty as a natural right of an individual. According to Hobbes, liberty is freedom that an individual has to act without restraint. Fear and necessity inspires an individual to achieve liberty. Therefore, according to him absence of restraint is liberty.

John Locke: Locke considered liberty as natural right of an individual. He has explained the concept of liberty within the context of morality. It is morally wrong to hurt the right of life and liberty of any individual. One should enjoy liberty without affecting the principle of equality. Liberty is an integral part of an individual. He has given great importance to liberty. He maintains that all human beings are rational; therefore liberty should be enjoyed rationally. He does not advocate unrestrained freedom. In short, Locke’s concept of liberty focuses on absence of restraint and freedom of choice.

 

2.) Constitution of India and Liberty

Answer – Part III of the Indian Constitution spells out the Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens. The constitution guarantees the following fundamental rights:

  • Right to Equality
  • Right to Freedom
  • Right Against Exploitation
  • Right to Freedom of Religion
  • Cultural and Educational Rights
  • Right to Constitutional Remedies

The Constitution of India combines both, the concept of Positive and Negative Liberty. Article 19 of the constitution of India deals with different types of liberty while Article 21 spells out the limitations on liberty. According to Article 21, no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law. This article does not make any exception or pre-condition for attainment of liberty and thus gives individual freedom the status of human rights. Consequently, both Indian citizens and foreigners may enjoy the Right to Life. Indian judiciary has interpreted the meaning of rights and liberty in its various judgements. These interpretations become important in the actual implementation in the concept of liberty.

For example:

In the 1963 ‘Kharak Singh vs The State of Uttar Pradesh’ case, the Supreme Court upheld the Right to Movement throughout the territory of India.

In the 1981 ‘Francis Coralie Mullin vs Union Territory of Delhi’ case, the Supreme Court spelt out a more comprehensive meaning of liberty. It interpreted the Right to Life as the Right to live with dignity. This included nutritious food, clothing, and shelter, freedom of expression and freedom of movement as fundamental rights.

In the 1984 ‘Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs Union of India’ case, the Supreme Court interpreted Article 21 in the context of Directive Principles of State Policy. The Court included health care for workers, protection to children from physical abuse, opportunity and facilities for development, good education facility, maternal care and healthy working conditions as dimensions of the concept of liberty.

In the 1989 ‘Ramsharan vs Union of India’ case, the Supreme Court again interpreted article 21 in a wider context. The court included the protection of tradition, culture and legacy which give meaning to life as concepts of liberty.

In the 2017 ‘K. S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India’ case the Supreme Court has  declared that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Constitution of  India.

Recently, the Supreme Court has included clean and pollution free water and air as aspects of liberty.

 

5.) Answer the following.

1.) Explain Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of liberty.

Answer –  Mahatma Gandhi accepted the concept of Swaraj as liberty. He spelt this out in his work, ‘Hind Swaraj’. The term Swaraj implies a combination of two ideas: Self (Swa) and Rule (Raj). Swaraj means Self-Rule. His concept of Swaraj was comprehensive. Mahatma Gandhi did not accept Swaraj only as freedom from British rule but also as freedom from western cultural domination. Swaraj would mean a freedom from the trampling of humanitarian values. This concept gives more importance to self governance, self-discipline and human values.

 

2.) Discuss the concept of Human Rights.

Answer – Every human being by virtue of being a human being enjoys certain fundamental rights. These are called Human Rights. We are born with these rights, no one can take away these rights from us. These rights are not conferred by a ruler or by the society, these rights are inalienable. Human rights are natural rights. They are related to the concept of Justice. These rights are universal in nature and are given to all humans without any social discrimination. Human beings need these rights for development of their abilities, intellect and skills. Similarly, these rights are necessary to uphold human dignity and values.

Human rights include right to life, right to livelihood and freedom of expression along with the right to establish an organisation. These rights are dynamic, they develop with changing times, hence today we not only speak about civil and political rights but also discuss about right to information and right to pollution free environment. United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10th December 1948. This declaration tries to combine natural and civil rights and also includes the principles which are essential for mankind like liberty, equality, justice and fraternity.

The implementation of human rights requires favourable social, political and economic conditions. Since it is difficult to implement these rights, we find that human rights are violated in the world. African Americans are struggling to get an equal social status in the United States. India continues to experience caste-based discrimination. Women and children are in a vulnerable condition and they appear to be deprived of the rights granted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

 

3.) Explain Isiah Berlin’s concept of Liberty.

Answer -According to Isaiah Berlin, freedom of action is negative liberty. As per this principle, opportunity to act is important while the action itself is secondary.

According to him, the impact of action is not considered important and hence it is not measured. Therefore, this principle does not give importance to quality. For example, this concept does not make a qualitative difference between choosing one’s education, profession, or suffer deprivation. He would rather give importance to give opportunity to do these actions than the outcome of the action itself.

Isaiah Berlin has mentioned the following features of negative liberty.

(i) Individual should have complete freedom of choice. He should not have restraints on choice of alternatives. Opposition to such restraints is a feature of negative liberty.

(ii) Negative Liberty is based on Neoliberalism

Liberty and Rights Solution

6.) Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Elaborate the concept of Rights –

(a) Meaning

Answer – In order to live, a person must have some rights. Similarly, in order to develop his personality to the best possible extent, he must have some particular rights. Harold Laski defines rights as ‘those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best’.

(b) Natural Rights

Answer – Natural rights are parts of human nature and reason. These are universal in character. The right to life and liberty are some examples of natural rights.

(c) Moral Rights

Answer – These rights are based on the conscience of the individual and the community. For example, respect for a teacher or an elderly person is a moral right of that person.

(d) Legal Rights

Answer – These are granted by the State to the people. They are usually enumerated or codified in law. These rights are not universal, different countries with different

governments would specify what rights the people of that country have been granted. Legal rights are enforced by law.

Legal rights are of two types:

(a) Civil Rights: These rights relate to the person and property of the individuals. Right to life, liberty, equality and property are civil rights. Civil rights are protected by the state.

(b) Political Rights: These allow people to take an active part in the political process. These rights include right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold public office and right to criticise and oppose the government. Political rights are normally available to citizens in a democratic state.

(e) Human Rights

Answer – Every human being by virtue of being a human being enjoys certain fundamental rights. These are called Human Rights. We are born with these rights, no one can take away these rights from us. These rights are not conferred by a ruler or by the society, these rights are inalienable. Human rights are natural rights. They are related to the concept of Justice. These rights are universal in nature and are given to all humans without any social discrimination. Human beings need these rights for development of their abilities, intellect and skills. Similarly, these rights are necessary to uphold human dignity and values. Human rights include right to life, right to livelihood and freedom of expression along with the right to establish an organisation. These rights are dynamic, they develop with changing times, hence today we not only speak about civil and political rights but also discuss about right to information and right to pollution free environment. United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10th December 1948. This declaration tries to combine natural and civil rights and also includes the principles which are essential for mankind like liberty, equality, justice and fraternity. The implementation of human rights requires favourable social, political and economic conditions. Since it is difficult to implement these rights, we find that human rights are violated in the world.

African Americans are struggling to get an equal social status in the United States. India continues to experience caste-based discrimination. Women and children are in a vulnerable condition and they appear to be deprived of the rights granted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

 

Here is your solution of Maharashtra Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights.

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Updated: October 21, 2022 — 2:12 pm

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