Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 3 – Chalcolithic Villages in India
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 3: Chalcolithic Villages in India. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here Chalcolithic Villages in India full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
History |
Chapter |
11 |
Chapter Name |
Chalcolithic Villages in India |
Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.
(1) On one of the cemetery H pots dead humans are seen carried by …………. in their stomach.
(a) deer (b) peacock
(c) fish (d) bull
Answer – On one of the cemetery H pots dead humans are seen carried by (b) peacock in their stomach.
(2) The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a centre of mass production of ……..
(a) stone pots (b) copper pots
(c) earthen pots (d) glassware
Answer – The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a centre of mass production of (b) copper pots
(3) Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by ……….. people.
(a) Savalda (b) Malwa
(c) Harappa (d) Kayatha
Answer – Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by (b) Malwa people.
(B) Find the incorrect pair from set B write the correct ones.
Set ‘A’ Set ‘B’
(1) Savalda Culture Daimabad
(2) Malwa Culture Navadatoli
(3) Ahar Culture Sonpur
(4) Jorwe Culture Inamgaon
Answer – The incorrect pair from Set B is Sonpur – Ahar Culture
The correct pair will be Ahar culture – Mewad region of Rajasthan
Q.2 (A) Explain the statements with reasons.
(1) Harappan people had to migrate
Answer – The Late Harappan people were forced to migrate because of natural calamities like devastating earthquakes and in the Saraswati river basin, which raised the ground level of the river bed causing a barrier eventually leading to Sutlaj and Yamuna, the tributaries of Saraswati to change its course, resulting in drying up of river Saraswati and Harappans had to migrate, as they had settled by the river and were dependent on it for all their needs. New villages were settled by the Mature Harappan and Late Harappan people wherever they went. It gave rise to new rural cultures. The spread of these new cultures is seen in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malawa and Maharashtra. These new cultures are known as ‘Chalcolithic Cultures’.
Some scholars linked the copper hoards to the Vedic Aryans. However, some other scholars reasoning on the basis of the proximity of OCP and copper hoards, believe that it must have been an independent culture
(2) People of ‘Malwa’ culture were the first farmers of Maharashtra.
Answer – The people of ‘Malwa’ culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E. Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people. They were the first farmers of Maharashtra. After arriving in Maharashtra they came into contact with the neolithic people in Karnataka. It resulted into a few
changes in the pot making technology of Malwa people as far as shapes of the pots and designs are concerned. This was the beginning of a new culture known as
‘Jorwe’ culture. Traces of Jorwe culture were first found at Jorwe in Ahmednagar district. The chalcolithic cultures in Maharashtra had spread in Tapi, Godavari and Bhima basins. Daimabad, Prakashe, (District Nandurbar) and Inamgaon were the large villages and the main centres in the respective river basins. Other smaller settlements and farmsteads were linked to the large centre in their vicinity. For example Nevase, Nasik were the large centres. Songaon and Chandoli in the Pune district, Pimpaldar in the Nasik district were smaller settlements. Walki near Inamgaon was a farmstead. Pimpaldar in the Bagalan ghats was situated at a vantage point between Tapi and Godavari basins. Hence, it held an important position in the trade, though it was smaller in extent. Walki was situated at the confluence of river Ghod and Mula. It was a very small site. It was a farmstead.
Q.3 State your opinion.
It seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar.
Answer – The excavations at sites like Chirand, Sonpur, yielded earthen pots of black – and -red ware. Shapes of these pots are similar to those of Harappan culture. It seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar and the local cultures were influenced by them. In Bengal and Odisha also some chalcolithic sites have yielded pottery that shows Harappan influence as far their shapes are concerned. They include, bowls and troughs of various sizes.
Copper hoards have been found in Bihar, Bengal, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.
However, Ochre Coloured Pottery is not found in these regions. Chalcolithic sites have been discovered in these regions.
Q.4 Write short notes.
(1) Banas Culture
Answer – The ‘Ahar’ or ‘Banas’ culture in the Mewad region of Rajasthan was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation. Balathal and Gilund near Udaipur are the important sites of Ahar culture. ‘Ahar’ culture at Balathal is dated to 4000 B.C.E. It was first discovered at Ahar near Udaipur, so it was named as ‘Ahar’ culture. Ahar is located on the banks of Ahar, a tributary of the river Banas, So it is also known as ‘Banas’ culture. The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a centre of mass production of pottery. The pottery made at Balathal was supplied to other settlements of Ahar culture. Along with pottery, terracotta bull figurines, objects made of chank shell, stone blades, chisels, arrowheads, copper tools, etc. were found here, in large quantities. The houses at Balathal were built of baked bricks, by placing two headers and two stretchers alternatingly (English bond method). Balathalwas surrounded by a fortification wall. These characteristics confirm that Balathal people were in close contact with the Harappans. The Balathal people obtained copper from the Khetri mines in Rajasthan. They knew the technology of smelting copper. It seems Balathal was the source for the Harappans to obtain copper and copper objects.
(2) Malwa Culture
Answer – Malwa Culure originated and spread first in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Malwa Culture existed during 1800- 1200 B.C.E. ‘Navadatoli’ situated on the river Narmada, on the opposite bank of Maheshwar, is an important site of of this culture. The other important sites are Eran (District Sagar) and Nagda (District Ujjain). They were all surrounded by protective walls and this is an important feature.
(3) Kayatha Culture
Answer – Kayatha is a site situated on the banks of the river known as ‘Chhoti Kali Sindh’, at a distance of 25 km from Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh. Kayatha culture was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation. The people of Kayatha culture subsisted on agriculture and animal husbandry. They mainly used handmade pots and microliths. Artefacts like copper axes and bangles, necklaces made of beads of semi-precious stones and small disc beads of steatite were found in the Kayatha houses. People of Kayatha culture and Harappan culture seem to have been in contact much before the rise of the Harappan cities. After the Kayatha culture people of Ahar culture arrived in Madhya Pradesh from Rajasthan. It is quite possible that both the cultures co-existed in Madhya Pradesh for a short time. Remains of Malwa culture are found in Madhya Pradesh in the times after Ahar culture.
Q.5 Write about the chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat with the help of the given points.
(a) Period
(b) Means of livelihood
(c) Geographical spread
(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people
Answer –The chalcolithic settlements in Gujarat coincide with the following phases of the Harappan culture :
Period of settlement :
(1) Early Harappan phase (3950-2600 B.C.E.)
(2) Mature (urban) phase (2600-1900 B.C.E.)
(3) Post-Harappan phase (1900-900 B.C.E.)
Means of livelihood / occupation – There are ample sources of semi-precious stones in Gujarat. Making beads of these stones was a big industry during Harappan times. The neolithic settlements in Gujarat played a major role in procuring these stones. People residing in the neolithic settlements of Gujarat were mainly pastoral, that is people whose primary occupation was animal husbandry. Probably, some of these pastoral people were semi-nomadic. Later on, chalcolithic pottery was also seen to developed with distinct variations.
Geographical spread –
There are regional variations in the characteristics of chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat. The chalcolithic pottery of Kutch- Saurashtra and Northern Gujarat are distinct from each other. The chalcolithic villages in Kutch-Saurashtra were abandoned by 1900
B.C.E.
In the post-Harappan period there were two chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat. The culture in south Gujarat was known as ‘Prabhas’ culture and the one in north eastern Gujarat was known as ‘Rangpur’ culture.
The pottery of these chalcolithic cultures was akin to Late Harappan pottery with regards to the colour, shapes and designs. These cultures existed till 1800-1200 B.C.E.
Evidence of cultural contact with other people – Savalda, in Dhule district, situated on the banks of the river Tapi, dated to 2000-1800 B.C.E. This culture seem to have arisen by the cultural contact between the Mesolithic people in northern Maharashtra and the Harappan people in Saurashtra. People of Savalda culture at Daimabad used wheel-made pottery. The designs on their earthen pots included arrow heads, harpoons and figures of various animals. People of this culture also used copper objects, beads of siliceous stones, arrow heads made of bones, mortar and pestle stones, etc. Their village at Daimabad was protected by a surrounding wall. They built mud houses and they made the floors by ramming mud and alluvium together. There was a cultural contact between the Savalda people and the Harappans in Saurashtra. Its evidence has been found at the site of Kaothe in Dhule district. The artefacts made of chank shells found at Kaothe confirm that the Savalda people and The Harappans in Saurashtra had trade relations.
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