Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 15 – India during Mughal period
Balbharati Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solution Chapter 15: India during mughal period. Marathi or English Medium Students of Class 11 get here India during mughal period full Exercise Solution.
Std |
Maharashtra Class 11 |
Subject |
History |
Chapter |
15 |
Chapter name |
India during mughal period |
Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.
(1) Mughal Emperor Babur was born in………………….
(a) Baluchistan (b) Kazakhstan
(c) Uzbekistan (d) Afghanistan
Answer – Mughal Emperor Babur was born in. (c) Uzbekistan
(2) Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by ………………………..
(a) Ibrahim Lodi (b) Shershah Sur
(c) Babur (d) Akbar
Answer – Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by (b) Shershah Sur
(3) Akbarnama was written by ………………….
(a) Mohammad Qasim (b) Abul Fazl
(c) Mirza Hyder (d) Badauni
Answer – Akbarnama was written by (b) Abul Fazl
(B) Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.
Set ‘A’ |
Set ‘B’ |
(1) Khafi Khan | Akbarnama |
(2) Malik Muhammad Jayasi | Padmavat |
(3) Sant Kabir | Doha |
(4) Mirza Hyder | Tarikh-i-Rashidi |
Answer – The incorrect pair is
(1) Khafi Khan Akbarnama
The correct pair would be
(1) Khafi Khan ‘Tarikhi-Khafikhan’
(C) Write the names.
(1) He defeated Ibrahim Lodi
Answer – In 1526 C.E., Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat and the Sultanate period came to an end. It was the beginning of the Mughal period.
(2) She successfully resisted the attack of Akbar and saved the Nizamshahi kingdom
Answer – In 1595 C.E. Akbar seized the fort of Ahmednagar. During that time, Chand Sultana (Chandbibi), the daughter of Nizamshah, successfully resisted the attack with courage and intelligent strategies.
Q.2 Explain the statements with reasons.
(1) The Rajput rulers united against Babur.
Answer – The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, system of secret intelligence and strong leadership. Babur established his rule in Delhi.
The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him. Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.
(2) Shershah Sur was well-known for his ideal administration.
Answer – Shershah Sur made some reforms in the administrative set up. He brought together the Afghan sardars scattered in North India and established the Afghan rule. Reforms were also made in the revenue system, which were further modified and adapted by Akbar.
(3) Emperor Akbar strengthened the foundation of his rule in India.
Answer – After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne. He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness and courage. The kingdom established by Babur was transformed into a great empire by Akbar. He established his rule from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Varhad-Khandesh.
During this period, Rana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar, put up a strong resistance ggainst Akbar. Akbar could never win a war with Rana Pratap. Hence for the expansion of the empire, he adopted the strategy of persuasion with the Rajputs. Akbar had realized that if the Mughal rule has to be strengthened in India then he had to adopt non-offensive policies, which would be popular.
(4) Mughal art declined during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer – During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage to the art of painting was withdrawn. The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat and the provinces of Himalayan ranges. New local styles of paintings emerged there, which are known as ‘Rajasthani’ and
‘Pahari’ paintings. The ‘Ragamala’, ‘Baramas’ paintings depict the different seasons in nature. The painters of Pahari style depicted various themes apart from daily life, such as religious, historic etc. Later, various styles such as ‘Basauli’, ‘Gadhwali’, and ‘Kangra’ emerged out of the Pahari style of painting.
Aurangzeb attempted to expand his empire in the Deccan with prolonged campaigns. Aurangzeb reign is notable for his wars in frontier provinces, his political policies in North and south India, staunch religious policies, and the Mughal- Maratha conflict. This period is marked by the expansion of Maratha kingdom, interference by the Europeans in the political affairs of India and the decline of Mughal power. Finally, the aftermath of the struggle of Independence in 1857 C.E., saw the end of the Mughal rule under Bahadur Shah
Q.3 Write short notes
(1) Mughal Art
Answer – The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order and prosperity. A new era began in the field of art and architecture. The etched designs on the marble walls of Mosques, tombs and palaces are an evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture. The carved designs on the tombs of Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal are its paramount examples. During the period of Akbar and Jahangir the art of ivory carving received royal patronage. The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian
styles of painting. There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar.
He appointed skilled painters in his court. During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
During the Mughal period, the art of music seem to have received royal patronage. During the period of Akbar, the Persian, Kashmiri, Turkish musicians were given royal patronage. Tansen was a great singer in the court of Akbar. During this period the Hindustani music prospered. During the period of Jahangir and Shahajahan, music was encouraged as well. However under Aurangzeb’s rule art declined, since he had banned all art forms.
The influence of Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period. In the later period it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ style of architecture. The architectural style during Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity. But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics. During the period of Babur the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style. The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The Purana Qila was built by Shershah at Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period. Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri. Akbar built the important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort. The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.
The Mughal Emperors were nature lovers. They created huge gardens. Among them the Shalimar garden at Lahore, Shalimar garden and Nishat garden in Kashmir are popular even today. The period of Shahajahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture. ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period. The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal. Later, the Mughal architecture began to decline.
(2) Mughal literature
Answer – During the Mughal period excellent literature was created in Persian language. Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well-known. Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun. Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which include ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i-Akbari’. Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a sanskrit scholar. He translated text of several Upanishada texts in Persian language from Sanskrit. During the Mughal period, number of biographical, historical texts were
written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known. During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.
Q.4 Answer the following questions in detail.
(1) During the Mughal period what were the changes made in the revenue system?
Answer – Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur. This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system. He graded the cultivable land based on systematic land survey. The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat) and dry crop (jirayat) land. Individual land holdings of farmers were registered. An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid. The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years. Documents known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared from the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind. The farmers were sanctioned loans for tilling the land, which could be repaid in instalments. Concessions were also granted to the farmers
during times of calamities like famine, floods, and epidemics. These were the Welfare policies of Emperor Akbar. Todarmal in emperor Akbar’s court is known for his insights regarding the welfare of common people. His insights were instrumental for Akbar’s land reforms.
(2) Elaborate the features of Mughal architecture.
Answer – The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order and prosperity. A new era began in the field of art and architecture. The etched designs on the marble walls of Mosques, tombs and palaces are an evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture. The carved designs on the tombs of Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal are its paramount examples. During the period of Akbar and Jahangir the art of ivory carving received royal patronage. The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting. There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar.
He appointed skilled painters in his court. During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
The influence of Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period. In the later period it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ style of architecture. The architectural style during Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity. But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics. During the period of Babur the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style. The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The Purana Qila was built by Shershah at Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period. Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri. Akbar built the important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort. The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period. The Mughal Emperors were nature lovers. They created huge gardens. Among them the Shalimar garden at Lahore, Shalimar garden and Nishat garden in Kashmir are popular even today.
The period of Shahajahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture. ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period. The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal. Later, the Mughal architecture began to decline.
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