KSEEB Karnataka SSLC Solution Class 10 English First Language – Louis Pasteur, Conqueror Of Disease
Board |
KSEEB (Karnataka Board) |
Exam |
SSLC (Class 10) |
Subject |
English |
Language |
1st Language |
Part |
1 |
Chapter |
4 |
Chapter Name |
Louis Pasteur, Conqueror Of Disease |
Topic and Notes |
Solution of Question Answer/ Study Material |
Louis Pasteur, Conqueror Of Disease Class 10 English SSLC Study Material / Notes / Question Answer
LESSON 4
Louis Pasteur, Conqueror Of Disease
II.) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS :
A.) Answer the following questions briefly.
1.) “Louis Pasteur was not a soldier, but he was a fighter.” What does the statement mean?
Answer: Louis Pasteur didn’t fight on any battle field. But he fought against various diseases and helped mankind and this is why he was a fighter.
2.) What are bacteria?
Answer: Bacteria are vegetable organisms which are little rod-shaped plants. They exist in the air, water and soil, and in the bodies of animals and plants. Some but not all are the causes of diseases, some convert matter into food for plants.
3.) As a scientist, how was Louis Pasteur unique?
Answer: Louis Pasteur not only made some exciting discoveries about germs but he was able to use his discoveries in very practical ways. He also helped many people running their industries in France.
4.) How did Pasteur try to solve difficult problems?
Answer: Pasteur used to sit for hours, quite silent and motionless, thinking hard about one of his difficulties.
5) a) How would Pasteur react whenever he solved a problem?
Answer: When Pasteur would solve a problem, then his kind, tired looking face would brighten with pleasure and excitement and he would rush round to tell his discovery to his wife and to others who were helping him.
b) What does this reveal about him as a person?
Answer: This reveals that he worked hard for his problem and shared happily with his wife and those close to him. He was like a child who took pleasure is sharing his solutions with them.
6.) What discoveries did Pasteur make about yeast?
Answer: Yeast is used to make beer foam and bread rise up lightly. Pasteur discovered that yeast was alive, made up of tiny living cells. When these cells were healthy the yeast acted well, but if they were diseased, the yeast and the beer went wrong.
7.) What does “spontaneous generation” mean?
Answer: “Spontaneous generation” means that some scientists believed that germs had no parents but just occurred by themselves.
8.) Did Pasteur believe in spontaneous generation? If not, what did he believe in?
Answer: Pasteur believed that germs were carried in the air and infect other things that came in touch with them.
9.) In the statement, “Pasteur proved that he was right…” (para 9), what did he prove?
Answer: Pasteur was right in proving that germ were carried in the air and infect other things that came in touch/ contact with them.
10.) In the second soup experiment (para 10) which soup was the worst, which was the best and which one was better?
Answer: In the second soup experiment, Pasteur filled some bottles with soup. The bottles opened in the hotel bedroom were full of soup which had gone completely mouldy; the bottles opened in the field were mouldy, but not quite so bad; those opened on the mountain had no germs in them at all. The soup in the bottle on the mountain was the best one. The second soup was better than the first one. The first bottle which was in a hotel bedroom was the worst one.
11.) What is “Pasteurisation”?
Answer: “Pasteurisation” is the process of heating the wine or milk or whatever it might be to a temperature of 50 or 60 degrees centigrade, to make the germs harmless. Pasteurized milk is milk which has been treated in this way and then sealed to prevent more germs from entering.
12.) The writer says,” It would be impossible to imagine Pasteur experimenting with explosives or poisonous gas” (para 13). What quality of Pasteur is highlighted here?
Answer: This reveals the quality of mankind and love for others. He didn’t hurt nature or people to conduct any of his experiments. He cared for the nature.
13.) On what study did Pasteur spend all his time and energy for three years?
Answer: For three years he spent all his time and energy in tracking down the cause of a disease which had ruined the silkworm industry.
14.) How is vaccination different from inoculation?
Answer: When body is introduced to the live organism to make it immune, then it is called as vaccination. Whereas inoculation is when there is weak or dead germ in a body to produce immunity.
15.) What made Pasteur believe that a cow could not have anthrax twice?
Answer: When Pasteur was trying to find cure for disease called ‘anthrax’ then he thought that by giving germs to cows they will not have anthrax twice.
16.) What made many scientists angry? ( para 16)
Answer: Pasteur thought about giving dead or weak germs to a cow or to a man for making them immune. It was a dangerous and risky thing to giving germs to people in those days and this is why many scientists were angry with the idea.
17.) What is rabies?
Answer: Rabies is a disease that is caused by a dog’s saliva when it bites any human.
18.) How was Pasteur a better scientist than Jenner?
Answer: Dr. Jenner had already discovered how to vaccinate against small pox but he did not really understand about bacteria. Pasteur after giving his life to this study was able to prove the value of inoculation, and to find out ways of varying it for different diseases.
19.) How was the very low death rate among the troops during the First World War a great tribute to Pasteur’s work?
Answer: During the First World War (1914-18), the troops going abroad were inoculated against diseases such as typhoid and enteric fever, and the result was very low death-rate from these illnesses among the troops. Even in unhealthy places the troops survived only because of Pasteur’s method of inoculation.
20.) At the opening ceremony of Pasteur Institute in Paris, Pasteur talked about two opposing laws.
a) Which are the two laws?
Answer: One law was a law of blood and death, opening out each day new methods of destruction, forces nations to be always ready for the battle.
The second law is a law of peace, work and health, whose only aim is to deliver man from the disasters which surrounded him. The one seeks violent conquests, the other the relief of mankind.
b) Which one did he favour?
Answer: He favored the second law. He believed that science in obeying the law of humanity will always labour to enlarge the frontiers of life.
21.) What was his message to young students on the occasion of his 70th birthday celebration?
Answer: His message was – First ask yourselves, “What have I done for my education?” Then as you advance in life, “What have I done for my country?” ‘so that some day that supreme happiness may come to you, the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity.’
22.) What is the supreme happiness he talks about?
Answer: Supreme happiness is the outcome of the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity.
23.) Here are Louis Pasteur’s thoughts at various points in the lesson. Read the paragraphs mentioned against each and explain how he came to each conclusion.
a.) I am certain that yeast is alive,
made up of tiny living cells (para 7)
Answer: When Pasteur was helping a brewer, he discovered things about yeast. He observed that yeast was alive, made up of tiny living cells. When these cells were healthy the yeast acted well, but if they were diseased, the yeast and the beer went wrong.
b.) Germs are carried in the air and may infect other things that came in contact with them (paras 8, 9)
Answer: When Pasteur was made Director of Scientific Studies, he was trying to solve problems about yeast and germs. He believed that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them. And to prove this, he experimented by pulling out neck of soup bottles so that there was big bend in the middle. The soup never went bad because there were no parent germs in the soup and there were no germs which could reach it because of the bend in the long tube. It was then a little soup was split down the tube that germs entered it with dust and infected it.
c.) Pure air is different from stale air (para 10)
Answer: Pasteur filled some bottles with soup and took some into a little hotel bedroom where the air hardly ever changed, broke their necks off so that the air could enter freely, and after a few minutes sealed them up again. He then took some bottles into a field nearby and did the same with them. Finally he opened some on the top of a high mountain and again sealed them up. He examined the three bottles and came to conclusion that the bottles opened in the hotel bedroom were full of soup which had gone completely mouldy; the bottles opened in the field were mouldy, but not quite so bad; those opened on the mountain had no germs in them at all.
d.) Pasteurization makes the germs harmless (para 12)
Answer: Pasteur showed that by heating the wine, or milk, or whatever it might be to a temperature of 50 or 60 degrees centigrade, the germs were made harmless.
B.) Close Study
Read the following extracts carefully. Discuss in pairs and then write the answers to the questions given below them.
1.) “Do germs form from other germs, or do they just come of themselves?”
a) What did people like Pasteur actually believe about germs?
Answer: People like Pasteur believed that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them.
b) Which of the two was called “spontaneous generation”?
Answer: Scientists other than Pasteur were called “spontaneous generation” because they believed that germs had no parents but just occurred by themselves.
c) How did Pasteur prove that he was right?
Answer: He proved this by conducting an experiment. He pulled out neck of soup bottles so that there was big bend in the middle. The soup never went bad because there were no parent germs in the soup and there were no germs which could reach it because of the bend in the long tube. It was then a little soup was split down the tube that germs entered it with dust and infected it
2.) “If you can cure animals, you can cure my son.”
a) What had Pasteur cured the animals of?
Answer: Pasteur had cured the animals of diseases called Anthrax.
b) What was wrong with the “son” referred to?
Answer: The “son” was covered with bites from a mad dog.
c) Did Pasteur cure the boy? How?
Answer: Yes, Pasteur did cure the boy. He inoculated him with some weak rabies germs and the boy recovered.
III.) PARAGRAPH WRITING :
Discuss in pairs/groups of four each, the answers to the following questions. Individually, note down the important points for each question and then develop the points into one – paragraph answers.
1.) What was troubling the French wine-growers? How did Pasteur solve their problem? What is the name of the process which was the solution to the wine-growers?
Answer: Some French wine- growers were troubled by a germ which had turned their wine sour. Pasteur showed that by heating the wine, or milk, or whatever it might be to a temperature of 50 or 60 degrees centigrade, the germs were made harmless. The process is called as ‘pasteurization.’
2.) How did Pasteur develop the idea of immunity?
Answer: Pasteur was trying to discover a cure for the terrible disease called anthrax, which men sometimes get from infected shaving brushes, and which was attacking cows and sheep in France and killing them off very quickly. He found out first of all that a cow could not have anthrax twice. Then he began to wonder whether it would not be possible to make a cow and even a man just a little ill with anthrax, so that they might not get it again. Perhaps this could be done by giving the cows or sheep very weak old germs to make them safe or ‘immune’ for the future.
3.) What human qualities of Pasteur do you admire?
Answer: Pasteur devoted his entire life for the mankind. He conducted various experiments which were for the sake of human beings. He loved nature so this is why he never experimented with explosives or poison gas. His love for humanity is something that I admire the most. He worked hard throughout his life and served for the welfare of the mankind.
4.) “All the research which he did in his laboratories was meant to help his fellow human beings.” Elucidate.
Answer: All the research that Pasteur did was for the sake of mankind. He helped many people in his life. He worked to help people who were suffering in some special way from disease. He helped people like brewers, breeders of silk worms, and cow keepers, all of whom were trying to carry on important industries in France. He wanted to do something for his country and his people and devoted his life for the same. He was the one who discovered many things and his cure to rabies, anthrax shows how helpful is his research even in today’s time.
5.) What would have been the fate of humankind if Louis Pasteur had not discovered the vaccine against rabies?
Answer: Rabies is a dangerous diseases caused by a mad dog. When a mad dog bites a human, then there is rabies. Before the vaccine against rabies, many people suffered and even died because of it. It was Pasteur who inoculated weak rabies germs in a rabies infected boy and successfully recovered him.
Had Louis Pasteur not discovered the vaccine, many people would have died because of lack of cure. We should be thankful to Louis Pasteur that his discovery proved boon and beneficial to mankind.
IV.) VOCABULARY EXERCISES :
A.) Fill in the blanks with the opposites of the words underlined.
1.) The machines were busy, but they are idle now because there is no electricity.
2.) Some of the students were interested in the lesson while the rest were uninterested in it.
3.) We have appointed a new manager because the previous one was dismissed.
4.) To maintain one’s health one should eat food that is fresh not stale.
5.) Someone dropped a burning cigarette on the carpet and that was the cause of the fire. The result was that the whole building was burned down.
6.) The wounded tiger attacked the hunter and he was unable to defend himself.
7.) Our army has checked the enemy’s advance, and they have no other option but to retreat.
8.) There is a progressive improvement in the school’s results since 2006, thank God it is not declining.
B.) Discuss in pairs the difference between the words in each pair. Frame sentences to bring out the difference.
1.) bravery – boldness
1.) She won the bravery awards for her courageous act.
2.) Her boldness has always been talk of the town.
2.) quite – quiet
1.) She is quite pretty.
2.) Will you be please be quiet?
3.) infectious – contagious
1.) Her smile is infectious that attracts many people.
2.) Corona is a contagious disease.
4.) clever – intelligent
1.) The fox is a clever animal.
2.) Amit is an intelligent boy.
5.) further – farther
1.) Do you wish to go further?
2.) She went farther than us.
6.) discovery – invention
1.) The discovery of X-ray is one of the best discoveries for mankind.
2.) Invention of telephone is boon for us.
7.) vaccination – inoculation
1.) The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
2.) Inoculation is to give a weak form of a disease to a person or animal.
8.) due to – owing to
1.) I couldn’t attend my music classes due to rainfall.
2.) Owing to his bad behavior, he was suspended.
9.) little – a little
1.) Can I have a little bit of water?
2.) I have little hope.
10.) between – among
1.) My mother never differentiated between me and my brother.
2.) She was among 10 best students.
C.) Here are some lines from the lesson that tell us about Louis Pasteur. Identify the quality. You can choose the right word from the ones given in the box.
1.) “……..nearly all the time he was working to help people who were suffering in some special way from disease.” altruistic
2.) Pasteur proved that he was right about germs being carried in the air. persuasive
3.) It would be impossible to imagine Pasteur experimenting with explosives or poison gas. pacifist
4.) For three years he spent all his time and energy in tracking down the cause of a disease which had ruined the silkworm industry. untiring
5.) One can imagine how dangerous this idea of giving people the germs must have seemed in those days. risk-taker
6.) He looked round thinking that the cheers must be for some royal person. modest
7.) The boy’s mother told Pasteur, “If you can cure animals, you can cure my son.”trustworthy
8.) “…..that science in obeying the law of humanity will always labour to enlarge the frontiers of life.” Idealistic
D.) Choose the correct one-word medical terms from the box to the following:
1.) The science that deals with the diseases of children. Pediatrics
2.) One who treats eye diseases. Oculist
3.) Science of the diseases of the eye. Ophthalmology
4.) One who treats the diseases of the nose. Rhinologist
5.) One who treats the diseases of kidneys. Urologist
6.) A disease that attacks many people at the same time. Epidemic
7.) To cut off a part of a person’s infected body . Amputate
8.) One who studies the nature and origin of diseases. Pathologist
9.) The science of the structure of the human body.Anatomy
10.) The study of the human face / the art of judging character from the human face. Phys-iognomy
11.) The medicine that produces insensibility. Anaesthetic
12.) Loss of memory Amnesia
13.) Fainting or death due to being deprived of air Asphyxia
14.)The examination of a dead body Autopsy
15.) A disease or weakness that one has by birth Congenital
16.) A remedy for all diseases Panacea
17.) Killing a person (with an incurable disease) without pain Euthanasia
18.) Gradual recovery from illness. Convalescence
19.) One who studies the diseases of old age. Gerontologist
20.) The medicine given to counter act poison. Antidote
V.) LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES :
A.) Change the following into passive sentences.
1.) One manufacturer consulted Pasteur about his beer which was turning out badly.
Answer: Pasteur was consulted by one manufacturer about his beer which was turning badly.
2.) Many believed that germs had spontaneous generation.
Answer: It was believed by many that germs had spontaneous generation.
3.) A simple and clever experiment proved that Pasteur was right about germs.
Answer: Pasteur was proved right about germs by a simple and clever experiment.
4.) A germ, which had turned their wine sour, troubled some French wine-makers.
Answer: Some French wine-makers were troubled by a germ which had turned their wine sour.
5.) Dr. Jenner in England had already discovered vaccination for smallpox.
Answer: Vaccination for smallpox had already been discovered by Dr. Jenner in England.
6.) Pasteur found out first of all that a cow could not have anthrax twice.
Answer: It was found out by Pasteur; first of all, that anthrax could not be had by a cow twice.
7.) When the news spread that Pasteur had discovered a cure for anthrax, hundreds of people wrote to him for supplies of “vaccine.”
Answer: When the news was spread that a cure for anthrax had been discovered by Pasteur, letters were written to him by hundreds of people for supplies of “vaccine.”
8.) Pasteur inoculated the young boy with some weak rabies germs.
Answer: The young boy was inoculated with some weak rabies germs
B.) Imagine that you took your grandfather to the doctor and you heard the following conversation. Now report the same to your father.
Grandfather : Doctor, I have a terrible pain in my chest.
Doctor : Well, lie down. I need to check your B.P. and listen to your heartbeat.
Grandfather : Is there any serious problem doctor?
Doctor : I cannot say anything right now. You need to get an ECG done immediately.
Answer: Grandfather informed the doctor that he had a terrible pain in his chest. The doctor listened to him and asked him to lie down. He said that he needed to check his B.P. and listen to his heartbeat. Grandfather asked anxiously whether there was any serious problem. The doctor replied that he couldn’t say anything right then. He wanted grandfather to get an ECG done immediately.
Now, use the following parts of the body as verbs in sentences. You may look up a dictionary for help. Do it in pairs.
1.) Elbow – She elbowed her way through the crowd.
2.) Hand – Can you hand this envelope to my brother?
3.) Knee – He strike her down to her knee.
4.) Toe – Teaching difficult subjects keeps me on my toes.
5.) Teeth – Everyone dropped their teeth when Simran won the match.
6.) Knuckle – She really knuckled down to finish her C.A.
7.) Shoulder – Women and men work shoulder to shoulder nowadays.
8.) Thumb – When it comes to writing paper, I’m all thumbs.
9.) Face – She has faced many problems.
10.) Mouth – You’ve a bit of mouth. Be careful else you’ll land yourself in trouble.
E.) The following sentences contain wrong collocations. The wrong words have been underlined. Correct the sentences using the appropriate collocations.
1.) She had her ears poked when she was just one year old.
Answer: She had her ears pierced when she was just one year old.
2.) The victims were charred to death in the fire.
Answer: The victims were burnt to death in the fire
3.) In summer, I need to have my hair chopped short.
Answer: In summer, I need to have my hair cut short.
4) It is the bus driver who committed the accident.
Answer: It is the bus driver who caused the accident
5.) Rice production needs to be enhanced.
Answer: Rice production needs to be increased.
6.) Teacher: I shall not engage my class tomorrow.
Answer: Teacher: I shall not conduct my class tomorrow.
7.) Fish are reared on a commercial scale.
Answer: Fish are bred on a commercial scale.
8.) He speaks chaste Kannada.
Answer: He speaks chaste Kannada
9.) She is a far relation of mine.
Answer: She is a distant relation of mine.
10.) Parking facilities have been scraped on Ashoka Pillar Road.
Answer: Parking facilities have been scraped on Ashoka Pillar Road.
X.) GRAMMAR REVISITED :
Rewrite the following as directed:
1.) He was too old to learn new things. (use “so……that”)
Answer: He was so old that he couldn’t learn new things.
2.) He is not tall enough to touch the ceiling. (use “too… to”)
Answer: He is too short to touch the ceiling.
3.) If they were not brave they would have lost the battle. (use “but for”)
Answer: But for their bravery, they would have lost the battle.
4.) Had she been wise I should not have opposed her. (use “if’’)
Answer: If she had been wise, I would not opposed her.
5.) You are a great fool. (change into an exclamation)
Answer: What a fool you are!
6.) Bring it here. (change into a polite request)
Answer: Please bring it here.
7.) It is raining. (change into a probability)
Answer: It might be raining.
8.) I want to be a millionaire. (express it as a wish beginning your answer with, “I wish……..”)
Answer: I wish I were a millionaire.
9.) As soon as we reached the station the train left. (use “No sooner… than”)
Answer: No sooner did we reach the station than the train left.
10.) As soon as they reached the playground it began to rain. (use “Hardly”)
Answer: Hardly did they reach the playground when it began to rain.
11.) She ran away so that she should not be married. (use “lest”)
Answer: She ran away lest she should be married.
12.) If you don’t walk fast, you will miss the train. (use “otherwise”)
Answer: You should walk fast otherwise you will miss the train.
13.) Besides being intelligent she is hardworking. (use “not only…but”)
Answer: She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
14.) In spite of his riches, he is unhappy. (use “nevertheless”)
Answer: He is rich nevertheless he is unhappy.
15.) To avoid punishment you must apologize. (use “or”)
Answer: You must apologize or you will be punished.
16.) Did you see any other person at the party? (use “else”)
Answer: Did you see anyone else at the party?
17.) He earned a lot but he became greedier. (use “the more……the more”)
Answer: The more he earned the more he became greedy.
18.) He told them to come early. (use “suggested”)
Answer: He suggested that they come early.
19) I forbid you the use of my laptop. (use “mustn’t”)
Answer: You mustn’t use my laptop.
20) Let’s try to do it the other way. (use “How about”)
Answer: How about doing it the other way?
21.) It would be advisable to start early. (use “had better”)
Answer: We had better start early.
22.) Shall I go home early this afternoon? (use “would you mind”)
Answer: Would you mind if I go home early this afternoon?
23.) I am sorry to inform you that your son has failed. (use “I’m afraid”)
Answer: I’m afraid your son has failed.
24.) I am sorry I don’t know how to do it. (begin with “I wish…..”)
Answer: I wish I knew how to do it.
25.) I prefer to stay at home. (use “would rather”)
Answer: I would rather stay at home.
26.) We hid behind some bushes so that the enemy should not see us. (use “for fear”)
Answer: We hid behind some bushes for fear of being seen by the enemy.
27.) The dog is the best friend of man. (change using “good”)
Answer: There is no other friend of man as good as dog.
28.) Darjeeling is more beautiful than many other hill stations in India. (change using “as….as”)
Answer: Very few hill stations are as beautiful as Darjeeling.
29) Some students don’t bring the text unless the teacher compels them to. (change using “if”)
Answer: If the teacher doesn’t compel them, some students don’t bring the text.
30.) The students were too tired to sit in the class. (change using “so…that”)
Answer: The students were so tired that they couldn’t sit in the class.
31.) Life is so beautiful that I cannot think of ugly things. (change using “too…to”)
Answer: Life is too beautiful to think of ugly things.
32.) These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good. ( change using “too…to”)
Answer: The mangoes are too cheap to be good.
33.) Bring the chair here. (change into a polite request)
Answer: Could you bring the chair here, please?
34.) I want to go out for a few minutes. (change it into a polite request for permission)
Answer: May I go out for a few minutes?
35.) As soon as he saw the warden, he ran away. (change using “no sooner….than”)
Answer: No sooner did he see the warden, than he ran away.
36.) As soon as he stood up to speak the people started shouting (change using “Hardly”)
Answer: Hardly did he stand up to speak when the people started shouting.
37.) Write it down so that you may not forget all about it. (change using “lest”)
Answer: Write it down lest you forget all about it.
38) It is possible that he will be troublesome. (change using “possibility”)
Answer: There is a possibility of his being troublesome.
39.) She replied very courteously. (change using “courteous”)
Answer: Her reply was courteous.
40.) I know that I am indebted to him. (change using “indebtedness”)
Answer: I’m aware of his indebtedness towards me.
FUN WITH LANGUAGE :
The following boxes conceal meaningful phrases. Use your imagination and decipher them.
1.) Six feet underground
2.) at the corners
3.) Between life and death
4.) I understand
5.) You’re under arrest
6.) Double trouble/ cross
7.) Slowdown
8.) I’m top of the world
9.) She is in the cloud
10.) pie in the face
11.) Get high
12.) Bold
13.) Crossroads
14.)
15.) going on a diet
16.) Too yum