Conjunction

Conjunction is another important parts of speech which students have to learn during their early level of secondary education. Conjunction is needed for linking two words, phrases and sentences which students require for learning English language. With all the rules of using conjunctions at appropriate places students become knowledgeable about using ideal conjunctions. So, students should follow detail rules with practice sets for getting basic concepts of conjunction. They generally depend on textbooks for learning different chapters of grammar just like conjunction. But they sometimes need extra information and guidance for practicing grammar with ace. Here we have provided all detail rules about conjunction with related practice sets for guiding students.

Conjunction:

Conjunction is such linking words which join words, phrases and sentences together in a single form.

Ex. and, but, yet, or etc.

He was behind you but in front of me.

She and her sisters went to the fair.

Conjunction

Classification of Conjunctions:

There are three kinds of conjunction which are co-ordinators, subordinates and connectors.

1.) Co-ordinating conjunctions:

Co-ordinates are those conjunctions which joins likewise classes of words, phrases and clauses in a single sentence.

Co-ordinating conjunctions join verb with verb, adjective with adjective, adverb with adverb, noun with noun, clause with clause and phrase with phrase.

i) In case of additions some co-ordinating adjectives are used in different forms.

Ex. both and, and, also, as well as, not only but also etc.

Both she and her brother went together to the market.

She as well as her husband get ready for going to the party.

I not only heard the news but also went to hospital for seeing him.

ii) When we have to make choices between two things, persons, situations and other objects we have to use conjunctions.

Ex. either-or, neither-nor, otherwise, or etc.

Either he or his brother will visit us.

Work hard or you will be unsuccessful to get the job.

Take care of your health otherwise you will regret later.

iii) When there is presented contrast between two ideas conjunctions are used for showing it in a sentence.

Ex. but, yet, still, nevertheless, whereas, only, however etc.

He worked hard still failed in the final exam.

Life is full of struggles yet none wish to give up.

He doesn’t like classic music but she likes.

He failed in the third attempt however I will give him another chance.

iv) When we have to reach conclusion, take decision or come inference conjunctions will be used.

Ex. so, for, therefore, consequently etc.

I do not like him for he is a dishonest person.

He did not go therefore he did not know the news.

2.) Subordinating conjunctions:

Subordinating conjunctions join main clause with subordinate clause without which meaning of the sentences left uncompleted.

Structure- main clause+ conjunction+ subordinate clause.

i) To specify time some definite conjunctions are used.

Ex. till, until, after, before, while, when, since etc.

Wait until I come to pick you up from the station.

I have not gone out since I shifted here.

ii) To show specific cause or reason for an action some conjunctions are used.

Ex. because, hence, therefore, as, so, thus etc.

As he was ill he could not attend the meeting.

She failed to crack the exam hence she got upset.

iii) To present the purpose behind an actions specific conjunctions are used.

Ex. so that, that, in order that, lest etc.

We eat in order that we might live.

Close the gate so that no one can enter.

iv) For putting a condition on some situations conjunctions are used.

Ex. if, unless, in case, whether or not, as if, provided etc.

In case you fail, I will not think before guide you.

Tell me whether or not you are interested in this offer.

v) When we refer some outcomes as the result for specific actions then conjunctions will be used.

Ex. such that, so that etc.

He is so weak that he cannot go out.

She is such a good girl that all people like her.

vi) To present comparison between two things or in comparative degree conjunctions are used.

Ex. than, as as, so as etc.

She is as brave as her father.

He is taller than his father.

vii) For showing the manner of everything some conjunctions are used.

Ex. as if, as though, as so, as etc.

She behaves as if she is the guardian of all.

He behaves as though he were mad.

viii) For presenting apposition we use conjunction.

Ex. that

I have given him assurance that he will get a job soon.

She has promised me that she will work hard.

ix) To show contrast or concession some conjunctions are used.

Ex. as, however, whoever, though, although, whatever etc.

Although the task was difficult, he could complete it.

Whatever situation may come, I will help you.

Note:

i) Lest and until should not be followed by not for being negative words.

ii) Both should always followed by and not be as well as.

iii) In order that can be used with may/might and shall/should. So that can be used with will/would, can/could.

iv) Therefore and because should not be used in the same sentence.

3.) Connectors:

There are some words or group of words which link two separate sentences with individual meaning for maintaining the flow of expression, such words are called connectors or sentence linkers.

By sitting in the middle of two sentences it brings connection of two sentences for further understanding in an easier way.

Ex. he gave me lodging, besides he offered me a job.

The train was late, however I reached the office in time.

i) For agreeing with the facts according to situations connectors are used.

Ex. of course, Naturally, Indeed, actually, infact etc.

His behaviour is polite, naturally we like talking to him.

He has got the job, of course his family is happy now.

ii) To explain cause and its relatable effects some conjunctions are used.

Ex. as a result, naturally, because of this, therefore etc.

My sister was weak in English. Naturally we had to find a tutor of English.

There was a flood in the state. Naturally al crops got destroyed.

iii) To pause before giving any clarification some conjunctions are used.

Ex. well, you know, you see etc.

Well, dear friend could you come to my home? I need your help.

You see, that is the reason I told you before.

iv) To modify the previous sentence according to need some conjunctions are used.

Ex. in general, on the whole, however, still etc.

His music concert was nice in general, the audience were quite happy.

You did not find your solutions, still I will continue to help you.

v) To reach in conclusion some conjunctions are used.

Ex. finally, anyway, after all etc.

It is already late now, anyway you can try at least.

You should not disobey her. After all she is your mother.

vi) For giving example some connectors are used.

Ex. for example, for instance etc.

Outer beauty fades away. For instance he is not attracted to girls at old age.

vii) To present an individual’s opinion some specific connectors are used.

Ex. in my view, in my opinion, if you ask me, personally etc.

In my opinion, the matter should be settled down first.

Personally I do not like to show off things.

Correlative conjunctions:

Some conjunctions are always used in pairs for which the member of correlatives should be followed by the word or words of the same class.

Ex. either or, neither nor, both and, not only but also, so as, so that, such that, else than, other than, hardly when, scarcely when etc.

He offended neither me nor my mother.

Scarcely had he left the room when it began to rain.

Such was his behaviour that we were offended.

He is not as brave as you.

Compound conjunctions:

When some group of words are used as conjunctions then those are called compound conjunctions.

Ex. no sooner than, as soon as, so long, so long as etc.

No sooner did the police come the thief ran away.

You need not worry for so long as luck is with you.

Rules of using Conjunctions:

1.) And, both and, as well as, not only but also these four conjunctions are used for linking nouns, pronouns. But when it qualifies one adjective then two desirable adjectives or undesirables adjectives can be joined with it.

Ex. he is not only lazy but also miser.

2.) When two subjects are joined by as well as, along with, together with, in addition to, except, rather than, accompanied by etc. then verns will be used according to the first subject.

Ex. Suren as well as his friends was happy in the party.

3.) When conjunctions are used in pair then pairs should always be correct in usage.

Ex. though yet, no sooner than, whether or, not only but also, from to, lest should, such that, other than etc.

He asked me whether I would meet or not.

Though he worked hard yet he was not succeed.

4.) So that and too to can be used for explaining the same meaning in joining the same sentence.

Ex. he is so sick that he cannot walk.

He is too sick to walk.

5.) When two sentences are joined by as soon as and two actions are present there then the first actions will be in simple present tense and the second action will be in simple future tense.

Ex. as soon as he comes, I will call you up.

6.) No sooner is followed by than when hardly, scarcely, barely such negative words are followed by when.

No sooner+ did+ v1

No sooner+ had+ v3

When sentences are started with hardly, scarcely, barely then the formation of interrogative sentence will be followed which is helping verb+ subject+ main verb.

Ex. no sooner did he see his sister than he cried with joy.

Hardly did I see her when I reached there.

7.) Until and unless are time oriented whereas unless in condition related.

All the three words are not followed by not.

Ex. unless you work hard, you won’t succeed.

Until the train gets signal, it will not start.

8.) After doubt in affirmative sentence if/whether will be used. But in negative sentence after doubt that will be used.

Ex. he doubts if she will call him.

He is not doubtful that I will finish the project within time.

Find out errors:

1.) I haven’t been a)/ to London before and b)/ neither my sister c)/ no error d).

2.) Unless you do not give a)/ the keys of the safe b)/ you will be shot c)/ no error d)

3.) She was running a)/ a very high fever b)/ and thus her mother takes her to the doctor c)/ no error d)

4.) Keep him at an arm’s length a)/ lest you may not repent b)/ in the long run of future c)/ no error d)

5.) Many of the freedom fighters a)/ are so respectful as Netaji  b)/ if not more c)/ no error d)

6.) Everyone must either a)/ work hard b)/ else be prepared to lead a miserable life c)/ no error d)

7.) Neither the doctor nor the nurses a)/ were asleep when b)/ the injured soldier was brought to the hospital c)/ no error d)

8.) We are extremely pleased a)/ for excited as well to invite you b)/ to attend the get together party c)/ no error d)

9.) Both the rich along with a)/ the poor are affected equally b)/ when prices of petrol and diesel increase c)/ no error d)

10.) Scarcely we had a)/ reached the workplace b)/ when it started raining cats and dogs c)/ no error d)

Solutions:

1.) c) there helping verb will be used before neither for which neither has my sister will be used.

2.) a) not will not be used with unless.

3.) a) so her mother took will be used.

4.) b) should will be used in place of may not.

5.) b) so as will not be used in negative sentence for that as as will used in place of it.

6.) c) either is used with or not else.

7.) d)

8.) b) for will be replaced with and.

9.) a) both and will be used not along with.

10.) a) we had will be used as had we.

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