CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Population

CBSE Notes Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Population here in this page. We (Net Explanations Teacher) discussed here each and every keyword from this Chapter 6 Population.

CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Population

Population, or the number of people living in a particular area or region, is an essential aspect of the study. Human beings are the ones that either produce or utilize resources available, and they are the ones depending on whom events are described as beneficial or harmful.

To explain it further, if a landslide occurred in a region where people aren’t settled, it would be a simple event. On the other hand, if the same happened in an area crowded with people, it would be termed a disaster.

Three critical factors need to be studied to understand the influence of population:

  • Population size and distribution
  • Population growth and processes of population change
  • Characteristics or qualities of the population

Census: Census is an official government data regarding population, carried out every ten years since 1881. The first census was held in the year 1872.

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION

India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers

  • According to the census of March 2011, India’s population was 1210.6 million, which was 17.5 per cent of the world population.
  • Among the states, Uttar Pradesh had the maximum – 199 million (16 per cent of India’s population), whereas Sikkim had the minimum – 0.6 million.
  • India’s top five populous states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

India’s Population Distribution by Density

India’s population is unevenly distributed. To understand the distribution of people more straightforwardly, the population’s density (number of people per unit area) is considered. And by density, India is the third most densely populated country globally, following Bangladesh and Japan.

India had a population density of 382 persons per square km in March 2011.

By studying the various population densities of different states, one can say that a particular state’s physical features play a preeminent role in the number of people living in the state.

  • States of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Arunachal Pradesh have low population density. The reason for such is rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions.
  • Assam and other peninsular states have moderate population density. Hilly terrain, low to average rainfall, and shallow and less fertile soils are the reason for moderate densities.
  • States consisting of Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have very high population densities. Abundant rainfall, favourable climate and deep fertile soils giving way to profitable agriculture are reasons for such states to be densely populated.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE

The population is a continually changing phenomenon influenced by three factors or processes – birth, death and migration.

Population Growth

Population growth is the change in the population of a country after a specific period. It can be expressed by two means:

Absolute numbers: The population increase can be denoted by numerals, where the current population is subtracted from the previous population (total increase).

Annual Growth Rate: Rate means an increase in value over time as compared to previous. This means that compared to the population above and the one obtained currently, the number of persons increased per 100 persons will be found.

India’s growth rate has seen a steady increase from 1951 to 1981. But there was a decrease in the growth rate from 1981. But the drop was not decreased in population, and it was a decrease in growth rate, which means that increase was not as much as it was in the previous years also, as India’s population is so high, that a slightly higher growth rate will increase an increased number of persons to the people.

Processes of Population Change/Growth

There are three main processes of population growth: birth rates, death rates and migration.

Birth Rate: Birth rate is defined as the number of live births per thousand persons in a year.

Death Rate: Death rate is defined as the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.

  • The two factors play a significant role in population growth. In India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates, while death rates have declined over the years, thereby increasing population growth. This was the scenario till 1981, after which birth rates also started falling.

Migration: Migration refers to the movement of people across regions or territories.

Internal migration: people moving within a country

International migration: people moving between countries

  • Though international migration plays a vital role in population growth, internal migration influences population density and composition.
  • In India, internal migration is usually people moving from rural to urban areas as cities and towns provide better employment opportunities. The movement has resulted in an increase in the metropolitan regions’ population from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 31.80 per cent in 2011.

Age Composition

Age composition is an essential characteristic of a population that refers to many people belonging to different age groups in a country. It is this composition that determines the overall needs and wants of society and is a reflectance of its social and economic structure.

A nation’s population can be divided into three basic categories:

  • The composition thus shows that children and aged are dependent groups on working-age people.

Sex Ratio:

Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males in society.

  • The sex ratio shows the balance between males and females in a country. In India, in most of the states, the sex ratio has been unfavourable for females. As of March 2011, the number of females per thousand males was 943.
  • States likes Kerala and Puducherry have a sex ratio of 1084 and 1038 females per thousand males, whereas Delhi and Haryana have a sex ratio of 866 and 877 females per thousand males.

Literacy Rates:

According to the 2011 census, a person aged seven years or above is termed literate when he/she can read and write with understanding in any language.

Literacy is an essential aspect of a country. It is expected that an educated and informed citizen would contribute to the research and development projects and help develop a nation’s economic structure.

The literacy rate of India, as per census 2011, was 73 per cent, of which males had a literacy rate of 80.9 per cent while females had a literacy rate of 64.6 per cent.

Occupational Structure

Occupational structure refers to the distribution of the working-class population in different categories of jobs or employment. The working-class population is the major contributor to the economic growth of a country.

Occupations are categorized into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary.

  • Primary sector: includes agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing and other such activities.
  • The secondary sector includes the manufacturing industry, building and construction work, etc.
  • tertiary sector: includes activities like transport, communications, administration

In India, a significant portion of the population is engaged in the primary sector – contributing to 64 per cent of the people. The secondary and tertiary sectors involve 13 and 20 per cent of the working population, respectively.

Health

The health of the population is a significant contributing factor, as a healthy population will effectively lead to a country’s development.

The death rates had declined from 25 per 1000 population in 1951 to 2.5 per 1000 in 2011. Life expectancy at birth has also increased from 36.7 years in 1951 to 67.9 years in 2012.

The decline in death rates can be attributed to improvement in medical care facilities. Government initiatives towards vaccination programmes, healthcare help, control of infectious diseases have played a significant role.

But despite the efforts, the health of people in rural areas and slums of urban areas remains a significant concern. Safe drinking water, proper hygienic living, sanitation facilities are still to be reached out to the central section of mentioned people.

Adolescent Population

Adolescents are people grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years. Adolescents are referred to as the future of a country, and so their proper development in terms of health and education is significant for the country.

Adolescents requirement, in terms of nutrition, is different compared to other age groups. They require a more nutritious diet as their body development is critical. Females require special attention because of their menstrual cycle. Many females have been reported to be anaemic.

National Population Policy

The government initiated the family Welfare Programme and Family Planning Programme (1952) to educate people regarding family planning, leading to better care for the upcoming generation.

The government initiated a national Population Policy in 2000 with some set goals-

  • free school education till the age of 14
  • reduce infant mortality rate below 30 per 1000 live births
  • delay marrying age for females
  • universal immunization of children against all vaccine-preventable disease

NPP 2000 and Adolescents

The primary emphasis of NPP 2000 were adolescents. The government believed that they needed special attention and awareness about various prohibited/ unspoken topics in society.

The government arranged and encouraged programmes that promoted delayed marriages, availability and accessibility of contraceptives, nutritional services, etc.

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