CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Drainage

CBSE Notes Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Drainage here in this page. We (Net Explanations Teacher) discussed here each and every keyword from this Chapter 3 Drainage.

CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Drainage

THINGS TO ANSWER AFTER READING THE CONTEXT

  1. Explain the importance of rivers.
  2. Write a short note on the Ganga river system.
  3. What are the measures taken by the government to control water pollution?
  4. What are the different names by which the Brahmaputra is called?

Definitions:

Drainage: river system of an area

Drainage basin: area covered by a river system

Water divide: an elevated area or upland dividing two drainage basin

River system: a river along with its tributaries

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Indian drainage systems are be broadly divided into two categories:

  1. The Himalayan rivers;
  2. The Peninsular rivers

Characteristics of the Himalayan rivers:

  • Perennial rivers – have water throughout the year, either receives through melted snow or from rainfall.
  • They have long courses.
  • Carry out intensive erosional activities in their upper course, while in their middle and lower course create different depositional features, such as meanders and oxbow lakes

Characteristics of the Peninsular rivers:

  • The rivers are seasonal, i.e., their flow is dependent on rainfall.
  • They have short and shallow courses
  • Do not carry out erosional and depositional activities.

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS

  1. The Indus river system
  2. The Ganga river system
  3. The Brahmaputra river system

The Indus River System

  • The Indus is one of the longest rivers globally, with a length of about 2900 km.
  • It originates in Tibet, near Lake Mansarovar, and joins the Arabian Sea at the end. Indus enters India in the Ladakh.
  • Its tributaries are: the Zaskar, the Nubra, the Shyok and the Hunza and join Indus in Kashmir; the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum and join Indus in Pakistan near Mithankot.
  • India, the Indus basin is in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The rest is in Pakistan.
  • Indus Water Treaty (1960) allows India to use 20 per cent of water carried by the Indus. This water is used for irrigation activities in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

The Ganga River System

  • The Ganga river originates from the Gangotri Glacier, which further down is called Bhagirathi. Alaknanda joins Bhagirathi at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand.
  • The Ganga’s tributaries from the Himalayas are the Yamuna, the Ghaghra, the Gandak and the Kosi. The Yamuna river (origin – Yamunotri Glacier) joins Ganga at Allahabad. The Ghaghra, the Gandak and the Kosi origin in the Nepal Himalayas.
  • The Ganga’s tributaries from the peninsular land are the Chambal, the Betwa and the Son.
  • The Ganga flows till Farakka in West Bengal as a mighty river and then distributes in two parts. One part – the Bhagirathi-Hooghly (a distributary) flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra joins the second part (mainstream) in Bangladesh. The river is known as Meghna, and it flows into the Bay of Bengal.
  • The delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra river is known as the Sundarban delta. It is the world’s largest and fastest-growing delta and home to the Royal Bengal tiger.
  • Ambala works as a water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river system.

The Brahmaputra River System

  • The Brahmaputra river rises in Tibet near Mansarovar Lake. In India, it enters through Arunachal Pradesh.
  • The Brahmaputra is known as Tsang Po in Tibet, Jamuna in Bangladesh and Dihang in Arunachal Pradesh, India).
  • The tributaries of the Brahmaputra are: the Dibang, the Lohit and many others.
  • The Brahmaputra forms many riverine islands along its course. Majuli, in Assam, is the largest riverine island in the world.
  • The Brahmaputra, during its course of the run, carries out erosional activities. This leads to deposition of the erosions carried out, mainly silt, leading to a rise in the river’s bed.
  • The Brahmaputra, during the rainy season, cause heavy floods leading to the destruction of crops, life and property.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERS

  • Most of the peninsular rivers originate in the Western Ghats and fall into the Bay of Bengal. Examples of such are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri.
  • Only two major rivers are flowing west in Peninsular India: the Narmada and the Tapi.

The Narmada Basin

  • Rises in Amarkantak hills and falls into the Bay of Bengal
  • The ‘Marble Rocks’ near Jabalpur and the ‘Dhuadhar falls’ are some prominent locations formed by the Narmada river that attract the people’s attention.
  • Have short tributaries, which joins Narmada at right angles
  • It covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

The Tapi Basin

  • Rises in the Satpura ranges, in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh
  • Covers area of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra
  • Other west-flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharatpuzha and Periyar.

The Godavari Basin

  • It is one of the largest rivers of Peninsular India (length 1500 km. It is also known as Dakshin Ganga because of its size.
  • Rises in the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra fall into the Bay of Bengal.
  • Its tributaries are the Purna, the Wardha, the Pranhita, the Manjra, the Wainganga and the Penganga.The Manjra, the Wainganga and the Penganga tributaries are large.
  • Its basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

The Mahanadi Basin

  • Origins in the highlands of Chhattisgarh and flows into the Bay of Bengal.
  • The length of the river is 860 km.
  • Its basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

The Krishna Basin

  • It rises from a spring in Mahabaleshwar and flows into the Bay of Bengal.
  • Length is 1400 km.
  • Its tributaries are the Tungabhadra, the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi and the Bhima.
  • Its basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

The Kaveri Basin

  • It rises in the Brahmagri range of Western Ghats and falls into the Bay of Bengal.
  • The length of the river is 760km.
  • Its tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.
  • Its basin covers parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
  • Kaveri forms the second biggest waterfall.
  • Other east flowing rivers are Damodar, the Brahmani, the Baitarani and the Subarnrekha.

LAKES

Lakes are of vital importance. They provide a regular water source, can be used for hydro-electric power generation, beautiful locations of lakes attract tourists, and help in revenue generation. Lakes also make the climate moderate.

Lagoons: the Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake and the Kolleru lake

Seasonal lake: Sambhar lake in Rajasthan- saltwater lake, used for producing salt

Freshwater lakes: The Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir (most extensive freshwater lake of India – formed by tectonic activity), the Dal Lake, the Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani

Human-made lakes: Guru Gobind Sagar – formed due to damming of rivers for hydro-electric power generation.

ROLE OF RIVERS IN ECONOMY

Rivers play a vital role in the development of a country. It is alongside the riverside that a civilization is born. Rivers provide a source of water and a source of livelihood for many people.

Apart from primary activities such as agriculture, fishing, etc., rivers also play a critical role in developing other sectors of our economy.

RIVER POLLUTION

Rivers play a vital role in various sectors of the economy. Thus, a large amount of it is used, and a large amount of waste generated is dumped into the rivers. This deteriorates the quality of the rivers, affecting many lives, including aquatic.

  • National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to clean Ganga. This project was expanded to include other rivers under National River Conservation Plan, launched in 1995. This plan aims to reduce pollution reaching the rivers, conserving aquatic plants and animals, and preserving water for future generations to come.

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