Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 20 Locomotion and Movement
CBSE Class 11 Case Study Questions Biology Locomotion and Movement. Important Case Study Questions for Class 11 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Locomotion and Movement.
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CBSE Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement
CASE 1
Movement is one of the significant features of living beings. Animals and plants exhibit a wide range of movements. Human beings can move limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue, etc. Some of the movements result in a change of place or location. Such voluntary movements are called locomotion. Walking, running, climbing, flying, swimming are all some forms of locomotory movements. Locomotory structures need not be different from those affecting other types of movements. For example, in Paramoecium, cilia helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx and in locomotion as well. Hydra can use its tentacles for capturing its prey and also use them for locomotion. We use limbs for changes in body postures and locomotion as well. The above observations suggest that movements and locomotion cannot be studied separately. The two may be linked by stating that all locomotions are movements but all movements are not locomotions. Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitats and the demand of the situation. However, locomotion is generally for search of food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, and favourable climatic conditions or to escape from enemies/predators.
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements, namely, amoeboid, ciliary and muscular
Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement. Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by ciliated epithelium. The coordinated movements of cilia in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances inhaled along with the atmospheric air. Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ciliary movement. Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, require muscular movement. The contractile property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by human beings and majority of multicellular organisms. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, skeletal and neural systems. In this chapter, you will learn about the types of muscles, their structure, and mechanism of their contraction and important aspects of the skeletal system.
1.) Which of the following locomotory organ facilitate locomotion in Paramoecium?
a) Tentacles
b) Cilia
c) Jaw
d) cytopharynx
2.) In human, internal tubular organs are lined by __________________
a) Squamous epithelium
b) Cuboidal epithelium
c) Ciliated epithelium
d) Columnar epithelial
3.) Give the example of ciliary movement in human?
4.) Name the structure is formed to carry out movement in amoeba.
5) Name the cell present in human body which shows amoeboid type of movement?
Answer key
1.) b
2) c
3) Ciliary movement occurs in our internal tubular organs which are lined by ciliated epithelium. Example – The coordinated movements of cilia in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances inhaled along with the atmospheric air. Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ciliary movement.
4) Amoeboid movement is amoeba carried out by pseudopodia. Pseudopodia is the locomotory organ in amoeba.
5) Leucocytes or white blood cells show amoeboid movement. Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement.
CASE 2
Muscle is a specialised tissue of mesodermal origin. About 40-50 per cent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles. They have special properties like excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. Muscles have been classified using different criteria, namely location, appearance and nature of regulation of their activities. Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified – Skeletal, Visceral and Cardiac.
Skeletal muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body. They have a striped appearance under the microscope and hence are called striated muscles. As their activities are under the voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as voluntary muscles too. They are primarily involved in locomotory actions and changes of body postures. . Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of muscle bundles or fascicles held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called fascia.
Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc. They do not exhibit any striation and are smooth in appearance. Hence, they are called smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle). Their activities are not under the voluntary control of the nervous system and are therefore known as involuntary muscles. They assist, for example, in the transportation of food through the digestive tract and gametes through the genital tract.
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of heart. Many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a branching pattern to form a cardiac muscle. Based on appearance, cardiac muscles are striated. They are involuntary in nature as the nervous system does not control their activities directly.
1.) Which of these statements is true regarding skeletal muscles.
Statement 1 – They are also called voluntary muscles
Statement 2 – They have a striped appearance under the microscope
Statement 3 – They have striations
Statement 4 – They are involved in changing of body posture
a) Statement 1 is false
b) Statement 2 is true
c) Statement 3 and 4 is true
d) All statement are true
2.) Which of the following muscles are known as smooth muscle
a) Skeletal
b) Visceral
c) Cardiac
d) Both a & b
3.) Define nonstriated muscle with example.
4.) Why cardiac muscles are comes under the category of involuntary muscles?
5.) What is mean by fascia?
Answer key
1) d
2) b
3) Muscles which do not show striped appearance and are smooth in appearance are called as nonstriated muscle. E.g. Visceral muscles.
4) Cardiac muscles are the muscles of heart. They are involuntary in nature as the nervous system does not control their activities directly, hence cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles.
5) Skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of muscle bundles or fascicles held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer, this layer of connective tissue are termed as fascia.
Troponin – It is a complex of three globular proteins, which are attached approximately 2/3 rd distance along each tropomyosin molecule. It has affinity for actin, tropomyosin and calcium ions. The troponin complex is believed to attach the tropomyosin to the actin. The strong affinity of troponin for calcium ions is believed to initiate the contraction process.
Mechanism of muscle contraction – Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament theory which states that contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. Interaction between actin and myosin is the basic cause of muscular contraction. Actin filaments are interdigitated with myosin filaments. (like the crossing of fingers of two hands) The head of the myosin is joined to the actin backbone by a cross bridge forming a hinge joint. From this joint, head cannot tilt in forward and backward directions. This movement is an active process which requires use of ATP. Myosin head contains ATPase activity. It can derive energy by the breakdown of ATP molecule. This energy can be used for the movement of myosin heads.
1.) How many chains are associated with the myosin head?
a) 2 heavy meromyosin
b) 2 light meromyosin
c) 4 light meromyosin
d) 4 heavy meromyosin
2.) Which of the following protein is called as back bone of actin filament?
a) F actin
b) G actin
c) T actin
d) Tropomyosin
3.) Give the name of enzyme presentin myosin head.
4.) What is myosin head?
5.) Explain sliding filament theory of muscle contraction/
Answer key
1.) b
2.) A
3.) Myosin head contains ATPase activity. It can derive energy by the breakdown of ATP molecule. This energy can be used for the movement of myosin heads.
4.) Myosin molecule consists of two heavy chains called heavy meromyosin, coiled around each other forming double helix. One end of each of these chains is projected outwardly. It is known as cross bridge. This end is folded into a globular protein mass called myosin head.
5.) Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament theory which
States that:
Contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. Interaction between actin and myosin is the basic cause of muscular contraction. Actin filaments are interdigitated with myosin filaments. (like the crossing of fingers of two hands) The head of the myosin is joined to the actin backbone by a cross bridge forming a hinge joint. From this joint, head cannot tilt in forward and backward directions. This movement is an active process which requires use of ATP. Myosin head contains ATPase activity. It can derive energy by the breakdown of ATP molecule. This energy can be used for the movement of myosin heads.
CASE 4
Skeletal system consists of a framework of bones and a few cartilages. This system has a significant role in movement shown by the body. Bone and cartilage are specialised connective tissues. The former has a very hard matrix due to calcium salts in it and the latter has slightly pliable matrix due to chondroitin salts. In human beings, this system is made up of 206 bones and a few cartilages. It is grouped into two principal divisions – the axial and the appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton comprises 80 bones distributed along the main axis of the body. The skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs constitute axial skeleton. The skull is composed of two sets of bones – cranial and facial, that totals to 22 bones. Cranial bones are 8 in number. They form the hard protective outer covering, cranium for the brain. The facial region is made up of 14 skeletal elements which form the front part of the skull. A single U-shaped bone called hyoid is present at the base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the skull. Each middle ear contains three tiny bones – Malleus, Incus and Stapes, collectively called Ear Ossicles. The skull region articulates with the superior region of the vertebral column with the help of two occipital condyles (dicondylic skull).
Vertebral column is formed by 26 serially arranged units called vertebrae and is dorsally placed. It extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk. Each vertebra has a central hollow portion (neural canal) through which the spinal cord passes. First vertebra is the atlas and it articulates with the occipital condyles. The vertebral column is differentiated into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1-fused) and coccygeal (1-fused) regions starting from the skull. The number of cervical vertebrae are seven in almost all mammals including human beings. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as the point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back. Sternum is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax.
1.) Which of the following is the connective tissue has pliable matrix?
a) Bone
b) Blood
c) Cartilages
d) All of the above
2.) Human skull is composed of ______________
a) Cranial bones
b) Facial bones
c) Pliable matrix
d) Both a & b
3.) Give the location where hypoid bone is present?
4.) Name the bones present in the middle ear?
5) What is neural canal?
6) Give the names of bones are part of the axial skeleton.
Answer key
1.) b
2.) d
3) A single u-shaped bone called hyoid is present at the base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the skull.
4) Middle ear consist three tiny bones – Malleus, Incus and Stapes, collectively called Ear Ossicles.
5) Vertebral column is formed by 26 serially arranged units called vertebrae and is dorsally placed. It extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk. Each vertebra has a central hollow portion through which the spinal cord passes, those hollow portion is known as neural canal.
6) The bones of the skeletal system are divided into two parts- the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The skull, sternum, vertebral column and ribs make up the axial skeleton of the body.
CASE 5
There are 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone connected dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum. It has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called bicephalic. First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage. The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the seventh rib with the help of hyaline cartilage. These are called vertebrochondral (false) ribs. Last 2 pairs of ribs are not connected ventrally and are therefore, called floating ribs. Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the rib cage.
The bones of the limbs alongwith their girdles constitute the appendicular skeleton. Each limb is made of 30 bones. The bones of the hand (fore limb) are humerus, radius and ulna, carpals (wrist bones – 8 in number), metacarpals (palm bones – 5 in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number). Femur (thigh bone – the longest bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals (ankle bones – 7 in number), metatarsals (5 in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number) are the bones of the legs (hind limb). A cup shaped bone called patella cover the knee ventrally (knee cap).
Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton. Each girdle is formed of two halves. Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula. Scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs. The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the acromion. The clavicle articulates with this. Below the acromion is a depression called the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures. This bone is commonly called the collar bone. Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above bones is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.
1.) Ribs are thin flat bones, which connected _____________
a) Dorsally to the sternum and ventrally to the vertebral column.
b) Dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum.
c) Dorsally to the sternum and ventrally to thevertebrochondral.
d) Dorsally to the sternum and ventrally to thethoracic vertebrae.
2) Which of the following number of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the seventh rib?
a) Rib no 7 & 8
b) Rib no 8 & 9
c) Rib no 10 & 11
d) Rib no 11 & 12
3) Give the name of wrist bone and palm bone present with their number?
4) Enlist the name of bones which comes together and form coxal bone.
5) Which last 2 pairs of ribs are known as floating ribs? Why they known as floating ribs?
Answer key
1) b
2) b
3) Wrist bone is known as Carpals, they are 8 in numbers.
4) Palm bones is known as Metacarpals,they are 5 in numbers.
5) Coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above bones is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh bone articulates.
6) There are 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone connected dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum. Last 2 pairs of ribs are not connected ventrally and are therefore, called floating ribs.